What is the width of the stringer for the stairs. Calculation of a straight wooden staircase on stringers. Making a kosour with your own hands - a step-by-step instruction

A wooden staircase on stringers is considered the simplest design for self-production. However, its manufacture also has many nuances, non-observance of which can lead to structural fragility. Therefore, before starting the construction of stairs with such fasteners, it is important to study the types of products, as well as the technology for their creation.

Stringers are wooden beams located along the edges of the stairs. The lower part of these beams has an even shape, and the upper part is cut in the form of a zigzag. A feature of wooden stairs with stringers is that steps are installed on these side beams. At the same time, the treads often overlap, protruding beyond the stringers.

Kosours can be constructed from the following materials:

Concrete. Building a structure is very labor intensive. It involves laying out the formwork, which is a draft version of a wooden staircase. Subsequently, concrete mortar is poured into the formwork;
Metal. The manufacture of stringers from this material involves the use of special tools for cutting and welding metal;
Wood. For the manufacture of supporting elements, a minimum set of conventional carpentry tools is used.

The material for creating stringers is selected under the steps and handrails of the stairs. In this case, most often the supporting elements are made of wood.

Technical requirements

When manufacturing stairs on stringers, the following technical requirements should be taken into account:

Installation of stairs can be done at an angle of 20-75 0 . In this case, the optimal angle of elevation is 40-45 0 ;
Single-march structures should include no more than 18 steps;
All steps must have the same height and width;
The width of the stairs with stringers should not be less than 0.8 m;
The length of the tread cannot be less than 20 cm. The optimal value is 25-30 cm;
The height of the steps should be 15-20 cm;
Stair structures with stringers that have more than 3 steps must be equipped with railings with a height of at least 0.9 m.

Also, the requirements for the design of the stairs on the stringers involve the use of exclusively high-quality lumber, as well as the production of accurate calculations and the correct installation of the product.

Types of stairs on stringers

Products have several classifications. So, according to the number of stringers used during installation, stairs are:

Single. All steps are placed on one kosour, located in the middle of the structure. Since the load on the support element is high in this case, the stringer is made of metal;
Double. This type of ladder is the most common. Support elements are located at the edges of the structure;
Triple. In the product, in addition to the side stringers, an additional supporting element is installed in the middle of the treads. This design helps to prevent excessive deflection of the steps and their damage when placing a large weight on them.

For stairs with a large width of steps, the number of stringers may be more than three.

According to their form, kosours can be:

Comb or zigzag. A kosour of this type on the side looks like steps. Usually the part is made from a single sheet of wood;
Filly. Most often, this type of construction is used in the construction of a single stringer staircase. On each crest of the kosour, special wide plates or boards, called fillies, are installed. They are an additional support for the tread. Usually fillies are made for wooden stairs on metal stringers.

Wooden structures with a standard width of steps are most often equipped with double or triple comb stringers. At the same time, the stairs themselves, in their form, can be marching or spiral.

Materials for the manufacture of wooden stairs

When choosing a material for building stairs on stringers with your own hands, you should pay attention to the strength and durability of wood. To create products, lumber from such trees can be used:

Pine;
Ash;
Alder;
Cedar;
Birch;
Maple;
Larch;

Pine and birch are used with a small and strictly limited budget. The material has low strength indicators. In addition, birch is in dire need of protective impregnation, since the wood is prone to decay with high humidity in the room. Oak boards can be used in the construction of stairs in capital houses. The reason for this is the significant weight of the wood.

The main tools and material that are used to build a wooden staircase on the stringers with your own hands are:

Wood for creating supporting elements. Its thickness must be at least 6 mm;
Finished steps or boards for their manufacture;
Pencil and square ruler for marking wood;
Roulette;
Anchor bolts;
Bands;
Level;
Wooden rounded bars or lamellas. Railings will be constructed from them;
Electric jigsaw;
self-tapping screws;
Screwdriver or screwdriver.

Also, a saw, a hacksaw, and even a grinder can be used to trim wood. For reliable fixation of the steps, wood glue can be used additionally. And when constructing steps of a closed type, fixing the tread with the riser is done using self-tapping screws and metal corners.

Mounting process technology

The process of creating a staircase on stringers includes several successive steps:

Carrying out preliminary measurements and calculations.
Building a drawing of the future design.
Manufacturing of stringers.
Creation of steps.
Assembly of the stairs and its installation in the selected location.
Fixing fences.

The obligatory final stage of work is the finishing of wood with protective impregnations and decorative materials.

Measurements and calculations

Calculations of the dimensions of the future stairs should be carried out based on the type of construction. Be sure to take into account all the technical requirements for the product. The main dimensions on which to rely when making calculations are:

The height of the future stairs. The value is the distance from the floor of the first to the second floors;
The angle of inclination of the structure;
Step width.

Having this data, it is easy to calculate the required dimensions and shape of all future structural elements. In this case, it should be borne in mind that the angle between the steps, and therefore between the teeth of the comb, should be 90 0. The number of steps is determined by dividing the total height of the structure by the height of one step. Meters are used as units of measurement.

For the convenience of calculating the dimensions, individual elements of a wooden staircase on stringers, you can use special online construction calculators. This will not only save time, but also protect against possible errors in the calculations.

Building a drawing

To understand the geometry of the future structure and the principles of its subsequent assembly, a staircase drawing is made before starting work. For the convenience of its use, the drawing of the stairs is performed in several projections. All the calculated dimensions of the parts are applied to the resulting scheme.

The scheme is as convenient as possible while maintaining a single scale for all parts within the same drawing.

Manufacturing of stringers

For the manufacture of stringers, marking lines of cuts for future comb teeth are applied to two identical wooden beams. In order to correctly mark the lines, the height and length points of the steps are marked on the square ruler. Applying a ruler with dots to the edge of the beam from which the kosour will be created, the outline of the cut is outlined with a pencil. By the same principle, markings are applied to the second beam.

Wood cuts are made along the marking lines. The work is carried out using a jigsaw or other suitable tool.

Making steps

When creating steps for stairs, it takes into account the type of future structure. For an open-type product, only the manufacture of a tread is required. But at the closed staircase on the stringers there should also be risers.

To create steps, ready-made boards of a suitable size are used. If there are none, wooden bars are cut from a solid board. In this case, the dimensions of the tread correspond to the length and width of the step. The dimensions of the riser correspond to the height and width of the step.

The dimensions of the riser must clearly correspond to these values, while for the tread, deviations in dimensions are allowed in the larger direction. In this case, the horizontal part of the steps will slightly protrude from the sides of the stairs, and hang over the bottom step. However, the excess of the nominal dimensions should be no more than 1-1.5 cm for each side of the tread.

Ladder assembly and installation

The assembly and installation of the stairs is carried out in the following sequence:

Finished stringers are laid out on a flat floor, at a suitable distance from each other. In this case, temporary fixation of the stringers along the edges with the help of strands is possible. After that, the zigzags of the supporting elements are lightly smeared with building glue, when it is applied.
Risers are applied to the vertical lines of the comb. These elements are fixed on the supports with self-tapping screws.
After installing all the vertical elements, treads are laid on the horizontal lines of the comb. Their fixation to the ends of the supports is carried out on self-tapping screws.

When all steps are securely fixed, the stairs are mounted to the floor of the first and second floors, at an appropriate angle of inclination, using anchor bolts or other suitable fasteners.

Railing installation

In stairs with stringers, the installation of the railing is carried out in the tread. For the construction of these safety elements, at the beginning and at the end of the structure, support balusters are installed on both sides of the steps. In each of the treads, a small depression of 1-1.5 cm is drilled, the diameter of which corresponds to the section of the railing. The resulting holes are lightly smeared with building glue, after which a railing is inserted into them, strictly vertically. To deepen them securely, the lamellae are lightly tapped from above with a rubber or wooden mallet or mallet.

The mounted railing is covered with a beam with holes drilled in it at the appropriate points. This beam will act as a handrail. At the edges, it is fixed with grooves and glue into balusters.

Finishing work

Finishing a wooden staircase consists in impregnating the material with protective solutions that will protect the product from the influence of changes in humidity and ambient temperature. Usually, a stain or a special primer is used for these purposes. When using wood stain, it can slightly tint the wood.

Decorative finishing is done with paint or varnish. Any finish should be applied thinly and in several coats. Between the application of a new decorative layer, the surface must be sanded with fine-grained sandpaper. The application of each subsequent decorative layer, or its grinding, is possible only after the previous coating has completely dried.

Building a staircase in a private house is a very interesting process. With the help of the stairs, you can set the theme of the entire future interior in the house.

The appearance of the future stairs depends on many factors, including the choice of the bearing structural element. One of the most common and versatile options is the kosour. To understand what a kosour is, we advise you to read this article.

What is a kosour?

Any staircase consists of two main parts - a bearing element and steps. One of the options for the bearing element of the stairs is just the kosour.

Stringers for stairs may vary:

according to the form of construction;
the number of bearing elements;
material of manufacture.

Varieties of kosour designs

According to the shape of the kosour, they are divided into:

straight;
turning;
screw.

The most common are straight stringers, which are used to build simple stairs.

Swivel kosoura are used in stairs consisting of several marches.

For spiral and rounded stairs, a spiral stringer is used.

Also, stair stringers are subdivided according to the number of guides and their location:

on 2 kosoura, lateral;

on 1 kosour, with a central location.

Depending on the width of the march, it is possible to use three or more stringers to reinforce the structure.

Parameters and dimensions

In order for a straight staircase on stringers to be comfortable and safe, it is important to correctly calculate the parameters of the supporting element.

Parameters to be calculated:

Kosour length. To calculate this parameter, you need to remember school mathematics, namely the Pythagorean theorem:

A 2 \u003d B 2 + C 2.

. This parameter is important for determining the dimensions of the sawn parts.

Kosour size. This implies the size of the board from which the kosour will be made. The thickness of the board must be at least 8 mm, and the width is determined depending on the size of the steps. The calculation takes place in such a way that the cut was no more than half of the entire width.

Stringer made of wood

There are two options for making kosour:

Toothed (stepped)- made by sawing sections under the steps from a solid board.

For correct marking, it is necessary to prepare a template - measure the amount of tread and riser on the board and screw the rail at an angle equal to.

The template needs to be prepared so that the size of all steps is the same, and the stairs on the stringers are convenient for operation.

Filly - installation is a little more difficult due to the need to manufacture more parts of the same size.

Kosour on fillies is a more complex design, but it is considered more reliable.

Metal kosour

A metal kosour is considered more durable and reliable than a wooden one. There are also a number of ways to make it:

Tape - performed by cutting out elements from a whole sheet of metal. Depending on the size, it is allowed to saw out the stringer in whole or in part, followed by welding. Welding seams are processed and painted over in such a way that a feeling of a solid kosour is created.

Kosour from a profile pipe. It is made by cutting the required number of segments equal to the width of the tread and the height of the riser, after which they are welded at an angle of 90 °.

Kerchiefs - are an analogue of fillies. They are made from corners welded at right angles.

The second option for mounting metal fillies is to weld a protrusion to an inclined bearing element at an angle necessary to accommodate the platform.

Video, on the installation of a metal stringer:

Concrete and reinforced concrete kosour

Concrete stairs are the most reliable and durable, no wonder they are widely used in the construction of multi-apartment, industrial and commercial facilities.

Concrete stringers also come in different types:

Typical - with the help of which many objects, both private and public, were built.

The manufacture of this kind of kosour is permissible both with your own hands and at specialized factories.

Individual - this type of kosour is made on the basis of a developed design project, the product can have almost any shape. The possibility of manufacturing will depend only on the skills and experience of the master performing the work.

Including on the stringer, it is carried out according to a typical algorithm:

Foundation preparation.
Assembly of solid formwork.
Reinforced frame knitting.
Pouring concrete.
Processing and finishing after solidification of the structure.

What do you need to know for a competent calculation?

To begin with, it is worth deciding what a kosour is. The architectural dictionary defines this part as an inclined beam between the platforms, the task of which is to hold the steps. Sometimes it is called a bowstring if the risers are not located on top, but between the parts of the frame.

This structural element has its own varieties in shape, material and location. So, in terms of form, a kosour can be:

straight;
broken;
involute or screw.

The first variety is used for single-flight stairs, the second for connecting several spans at an angle, and the third for spiral ones.

Kosours can be metal, wooden and reinforced concrete. Regardless of which of these composites forms the basis of the entire staircase, the bowstring is usually made of metal, since it is this metal that has excellent strength at low cost and ease of processing.

In terms of location, stringers can be central or lateral. In the first case, this is one inclined beam placed in the middle of the structure, and in the second - two on the sides of the span. The latter option is used for stairs of large width from 1.5 meters.

Additional advantages of a metal or steel bowstring are compactness and the possibility of finishing the entire structure with wood, drywall, or additional metal parts.

How to make the necessary calculations?

Often, in the manufacture of metal stairs, they use standard solutions that have already been calculated and designed in advance. But in some cases this becomes impossible or there is a need to check the correctly selected parameters.

Data for calculation

Before proceeding directly to the calculations, it is necessary to understand what parameters should be based on. Without exception, all stairs, whether they are made of metal or wood, have the following elements:

steps;
railing;
attachment mechanisms.

To calculate the stringer for a metal staircase, you need the value of the following parameters.

Opening dimensions: width and height;
Parameters and dimensions of steps: number of steps, thickness, weight, protrusion length, riser height;
Support dimensions: thickness, distance for its fastening, angle of inclination to the vertical;
The width of the staircase itself and the length of its projection to the floor;

After all the necessary calculations and measurements are completed, you can proceed to the calculations.

Calculation example

As a basis, we take a staircase with one flight 3.1 m high and 4.8 m long. According to the main recommendations for safety and convenience, the steps should be located at a depth of 25–40 cm. For example, we will make this parameter equal to 0.3 m. In this case, we can calculate the number of steps. To do this, you need to divide the length of the overall structure by the depth of the steps.

310/16 = 19.37 cm.

This indicator fits into the recommended norms from 12 to 22 cm.
Next, we proceed to the calculation of the length of the steel stringer. Here you have to remember the school curriculum, namely the Pythagorean Theorem. In relation to the stairs, the stringer will act as the hypotenuse of a right triangle. Then we apply the corresponding formula.

X = ladder length squared + ladder height squared.

According to the data of our example, we get the answer: X = 32.65. We calculate the root from this number, which will be equal to the length of the steel kosour, that is, 5.71 m.

Now you need to calculate the calculated load. It is equal to the total weight of all steps, taking into account the safety factor and live load. The weight of the steps in our case will be 144 kg (16 pcs. * 9 kg). The reliability factor is 1.1. Then the calculated load from the steps will be 158.4 kg. The sum of this parameter and the temporary load from the weight of people, carried loads (420 kg) will be 578.4 kg.

Knowing this indicator, the length of the kosour, as well as the modulus of elasticity of steel (it is equal to 2,100,000 kg / cm3), we can choose the appropriate profile size. To do this, you need to calculate the moment of inertia using the following formula:

I \u003d L * Q * b * 5.2 / E.

It uses the following values:

L is the length of the stringer (in cm);
b is the width of the steps (in cm);
E is the modulus of elasticity of steel (in kg/cm3).

Substituting the known values into the formula, we get:

I \u003d 571 * 578.4 * 80 * 5.2 / 2100000 \u003d 65.42

Based on the moment of inertia, we select the profile section. The standards set out in SNiP III-18-75 and DBN V.2.6-163:2010 will help in this. In addition, for the design of the kosour and bowstring, it is necessary to calculate the fluctuation, which is also set out in the requirements of SNiPs.

Kosour is an integral element of any staircase. When making a ladder structure with your own hands, you need to pay attention to the technology for making stringers.

Making stringers for stairs with your own hands

The manufacture of stringers is one of the initial stages in the manufacture and installation of a ladder structure with your own hands. For wooden stairs, hardwoods such as oak are the best option for greater structural strength.

Due to the fact that two kosours are required, the first will serve as a model, or a template, according to which the second must be made exactly. Even small deviations from the dimensions can lead to a skew of the staircase structure.

After cutting the workpiece and sawing holes for the steps, it is necessary to install and fix the stringers using self-tapping screws or anchor bolts.

In order to perform some necessary elements and work, for example, a special groin for the central support, you may need a set of cutters.

Making metal stringers on your own is a rather lengthy and difficult procedure, using cutters for metal, a welding machine and many other tools. However, metal stringers are characterized by the following advantages:

Reliability;
Safety;
Durability;
Ease;
Affordable price.

Size, width

The main and only dimensions of the kosour are the width and height, which are due to the following characteristics:

The height of the kosour directly depends on the height of the room and the overall dimensions of the staircase structure.

The width of the staircase element is determined by the width of the opening and steps, which actually make up the required size (for convenience, it is recommended to add a few "cm").

The calculation of the dimensions of the stringer of the stair structure is also based on the angle of the beam, it is recommended to take values from 20 degrees to 70 degrees. There are recommended generally accepted angles for constructing ladder structures:

9°-20° - external gentle stairs.

21°-36° - for residential or general use of buildings.

37°-41° - installed inside apartments.

42°-45° - for attics and basements.

46 ° - 70 - stirrup type stairs.

For stairs installed inside residential premises, it is best to choose an angle ranging from 35 degrees to 40 degrees. This value will not cause discomfort when moving up the stairs.

When calculating the dimensions of the kosour, one should be guided by one construction trick - the rule of a right triangle: the sum of the squares of the legs is equal to the square of the hypotenuse. That is, A² + B² = C². In this formula

A - the height of the kosour,

B - the length of the flight of stairs,

C - the length of the kosour.

Which is better: bowstring - kosour

The main load-bearing elements of stair structures, regardless of the type and material used, are bowstrings and stringers, which have different designs and purposes.

The bowstring is used in cases where the steps are located, as inside the space of the stairs, it is due to the bowstring that they are attached to the structure. Bowstrings are special inclined beams (2 pieces) installed on the sides of the stairs.

The kosour is used when the steps lay on top of the main frame; in fact, the steps are attached directly to the kosour.

The similarity between the bowstring and the stringer lies in the fact that these are two inclined beams, however, a significant difference lies directly in the chosen design of the staircase.

Stairs with stringers visually appear much lighter and more compact than designs using bowstrings.

Production of steps: board - plywood

Regardless of the basis of the staircase structure itself, to ensure the strength of the stairs, it is always recommended to make steps made of wood, and then you can choose any finish option. In this case, the essential question becomes, what to choose a board or plywood?

The choice between a board and plywood is not significant, a distinctive characteristic is:

Subsequent finishing.
Strength qualities.

If plywood is used, in the future it is necessary to use putty and special finishing materials, however, with wood, it will be possible to simply paint the steps with a fixing varnish that matches the color and shade of the chosen style in the interior.

Basically, plywood is used as a finishing material for the inside of the stairs.

When arranging monolithic staircase structures, it is possible to pour from concrete both the entire staircase and only the stringers, which are designed to install steps on them in the future. Thus, the staircase design is created lighter and more elegant. In the variant of a monolithic reinforced concrete staircase, the stringer is inseparable from the steps.

In order for the kosour and steps to turn out beautiful and even, they must be poured simultaneously under the formwork. For structural strength, a frame is made of reinforcement with metal rods. Such rules apply to seven stair structures of such a plan, regardless of whether the stairs are marching or spiral. Along the entire flight of stairs, it is necessary to lay wooden plates, which will subsequently serve as a support for the fences.

For pouring concrete staircases, it is permissible to use only B15 concrete!

Types of stringers

Stringers, as well as stair structures, differ in types and execution techniques, among the types of stringers, the following are distinguished:

Other types of stringers are rarely used in stair structures.

The installation of steps to the stringer occurs in two ways, according to this characteristic, it is also possible to make a division:

The second option is used in cases where the horizontality of the future staircase needs to be leveled. In order to correct the misalignment, it is necessary to make the kosour in the form of a comb with small teeth, into which flat steps will be laid in the future.

The steps laid by the classical method on the kosour are mainly used for stairs made on a metal frame; a toothed comb can only be made of wood.

Reinforced concrete stringers are rarely used in private houses or country cottages, mainly such structures are used for multi-apartment and high-rise buildings. It is quite difficult to make reinforced concrete stringers on your own without appropriate fixtures and fittings; such stringers are made mainly at industrial enterprises, in factory conditions.

Metal stringers can be made of T-bars or shaped pipes, however, when installing such a structure in a house, you should be prepared for the fact that it is quite bulky.

Wooden kosour is a massive wide board or timber with a large cross section.

The only important factor determining the kosour is its strength, since it is the kosour that is responsible for reliably moving up the stairs. The kosour bears the load of all the constituent elements of the stair structure and, in addition, must withstand the daily load provided by the level of stair traffic.

When performing the kosour on your own, you need to pay special attention to its calculations. Also, such an element in the stairs is largely subject to swinging and vibrations.

library stairs

Library staircases are generally small-sized and, as a rule, of a spiral type. The purpose of library stairs is quite limited - climbing to small heights in a limited room.

Library stairs are relevant enough to climb the balustrade, which is made up to half a small room.

In some modern interiors, library staircase structures are used as a support for two-level bedrooms.

Making a kosour for a staircase with your own hands: size, width, how to make it, which is better - a bowstring or a kosour, what to make steps from: board, plywood, a knot of a wooden kosour staircase, calculation of steps on a concrete kosour, flights of stairs, what library stairs consist of

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Calculation of the dimensions of a wooden staircase with stringers

Specify the required dimensions in millimeters

H- show risers

LR- the direction of the stairs

SP- the position of the first step relative to the floor level of the second floor

Determination of the required amount of materials.

The exact dimensions of all parts.

Detailed drawings and diagrams of all elements of the stairs.

We make stringers for stairs with our own hands

If you decide to design a rise to the floor yourself, you definitely need to know how to make stringers for stairs. If you make everything with your own hands, it is important to know the features of all elements, their types and manufacturing rules.

Features and types of construction

Before deciding to make a kosour for the stairs with your own hands, you need to understand in more detail the features of this part. In fact, this is the supporting element of the stairs, which serves as support for the steps.

Straight stringers are used most often

The type of product largely affects the calculation of materials for stairs on stringers. Stringers can be made of wood, metal, concrete, or a combination of both. The following elements are distinguished by form:

The simplest option for most stairs is straight. That is what is worth considering in more detail.

Features of the calculations

If you decide to do all the work with your own hands from start to finish, first of all you need to think about developing a staircase project. To do this, you need to calculate all the necessary parameters. The calculation of stairs on wooden or metal stringers is carried out almost according to the same principle.

Estimated data for marking the stringer

To determine the length of the supporting part, use the Pythagorean theorem. In this case, you need to look for the square of the hypotenuse, which, after extracting the root from it, will mean the length of the bar. The legs in this situation are the height of the span from the floor of the first floor to the second, as well as the distance from the first step to the platform from above. The angle is determined by the level of inclination of the structure.

The calculation of the shape of the stringer of the stairs is based on the chosen method of fastening the steps. If fillies are used, the bar is taken smaller, otherwise you need to add the height of the tread to it. With a staircase width of more than 150 cm, in addition to the side stringers, an additional central one is installed.

Wooden kosour

The most common version of stairs is on wooden stringers. To make them with your own hands will require a minimum of effort.

To make the structure durable and last you as long as possible, it is better to choose solid hardwoods, although working with them is a little more difficult and longer.

In the manufacture of stairs made of wood, as a rule, two stringers are used.

First you need to calculate the thickness of the board. The larger the ladder in height and width, the stronger the support should be, which means that the board needs to be picked up thicker. If the design involves mounting without a filly, the following steps are performed:

Mark the cutouts. To do this, you need to use a triangle. One of its sides corresponds to the depth of the tread, and the other to the height of the riser. The hypotenuse of such a right triangle runs along the edge of the beam.
Using a jigsaw or a circular saw, cut out the extra fragments according to the markup.
Determine the dimensions of the steps. This largely depends on how they are attached. They can be fixed both close to the edge of the kosour, and go beyond its limits by 2-3 cm.

But if you decide to use fillies, then you don’t need to cut the sidewalls, for this you simply use a straight bar made of solid or glued laminated timber. Depending on the height of the riser and the depth of the tread, the filly may look like a triangle or a trapezoid. For the triangular version, it may be necessary to saw out a small section of the beam so that the step goes under the next one a little.

Metal stringer

A more complex, but reliable option is a ladder constructed on a metal stringer with your own hands. To make this option, you will need a metal profile or pipe, it is from these materials that the basis for the stairs is usually made.

Metal is a very durable material, so one central stringer is often enough.

To determine the required amount of materials, you need to make a calculation based on the data on the height and slope of the stairs, as well as the dimensions of the steps and risers. In most cases, one central stringer is sufficient. The metal is able to withstand a huge load, but a lot also depends on the quality of the connection of the parts of the stairs.

The simplest way is to make a stringer from a straight element. For example, take a pipe whose dimensions correspond to the given parameters. Mark the position of future steps on it and fix the fillies. They are small pieces of pipe or profile with a base plate on top. The ideal connection method is welding. The seams should be strong, but at the same time invisible. Holes are made in the plate, which are necessary for fixing the steps.

Ways of fastening steps

Depending on what material you decide to make stringers from, the method of fastening the steps of the stairs also depends. If you chose metal, you need to use fillies. For the steps prepare the base plate. The best option is a sheet of metal cut into the shape of a step. It is welded to the supporting element, and the steps are fixed with bolts.

An exception may be complex stepped structures with a double stringer. Then fillies are optional.

Various mounting options for steps

If the preliminary calculation showed that it is possible to fit a staircase on wooden stringers in the opening, then it is worth considering several options at once:

Die-cut treads- the steps are attached directly to the stringers using self-tapping screws or dowels and an adhesive mixture.
wooden filly- additional fragments of stairs are fixed on the beam with dowels, dowels, studs or self-tapping screws.
steel support- steps are fixed on a flat curved support, which, in turn, is attached to the screws.
Bolza- the back part of the stairs is fixed on the stringers with the help of a metal support leg and a dowel.

If you decide to build a staircase with your own hands, think over several options in advance and choose the most suitable one, based on the available materials and existing skills.

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A kosour is a bearing base on which steps and railings are attached. Not everyone knows what a kosour is - this is an inclined beam, and stairs are fixed on it. Such a structural detail may have a comb corresponding to the dimensions of the steps. These structures are much lighter than reinforced concrete marches. They are not subject to deformation under the influence of moisture, therefore they are superior in this regard to wooden structures. They also have high bearing capacity and long service life.

Choosing metal for stairs on stringers for the home

Of the different types of staircase designs, one can single out a staircase with one iron stringer. The kosour is the supporting base. Railings and steps are fixed to the base. Such a base is an inclined beam in the center, to which stands are welded, made in the form of a scarf.

The construction of a staircase with a central stringer requires the approval of the construction supervision, which must test and inspect the metal frame

This site produces:

Hole.
Then they make treads.
Treads are fixed with bolts or screws.

Usually the kosour is mounted in the center. The second installation option involves the location of the stringer to the ends of the tread, which are installed with the opposite side to the wall.

At the same time, the beam must be strong and durable. For this reason, it is made from profile pipes.

It is worth considering that the consent of a building supervision specialist is required for the manufacture of a structure with a kosour in the center in order for the further operation of the metal frame to be safe, according to the TTK.

Tips: how to make a kosour for stairs with your own hands carefully

Technically, the assembly is not as difficult as it seems, but a little experience is still needed. A metal staircase with one kosour at home is built with your own hands, as an open installation, using a steel pipe from a profiled rectangular or square shape.

Such structures are lighter than reinforced concrete marches, do not deform under the influence of humidity, unlike wooden structures.

The section of the pipe wall reaches 16 cm.
A do-it-yourself staircase outside on a stringer located in the center can be made with the help of a channel placed on the edge. Sheet steel will provide the outer skin of the structure.
Angular steel is used as fencing.
Reinforcement is used to create supports for the treads.
Reinforcing supports - filly are attached by welding to the channel.
The place of support, where the steps are placed, is made out with brackets, like a mount.
The supports, according to careful marking, are fixed to the channel rib with a welded seam.
Another channel is placed on a beam on which fillies are welded.

During the process of creating a kosour, it is necessary to remember about the rise, the width of which is 1 m - it is formed from two kosour.

As supports, there are racks made of channel bars and a structure made of metal corners fixed to beams that perform a supporting function.

Instructions: how to calculate the stringer for the stairs to the second floor

If you want to create a metal staircase with your own hands, it is important to pay special attention to the calculation (internal parameters such as material thickness). After all, this design, in fact, is a complex engineering structure. An online calculator will help you calculate.

All dimensions are conditional and adjusted to the size of the stairwell. But there are building rules and regulations that it is desirable to adhere to.

All connections and nodes must be rechecked in order to end up with a safe design.

In the process of designing a staircase, it is necessary to take into account its constituent functions and decoration elements. Making stairs to the second floor from metal and wood is similar, but there are always subtleties and nuances. The owner of the dwelling has the opportunity to choose the configuration of the stairs. If you decide to make stringers with your own hands, you need to consider in detail the calculations of the quantity and quality of all parts.

Determine the height and angle of the stairs.
The size of the steps.
railing shape and so on.

There are 2 types of stairs formation on stringers (material - metal) - with a frieze step and without a frieze step. The difference is that the frieze step is considered a continuation of the landing. A step without a frieze joins differently, which forms a longer staircase.

Strong metal staircase on one stringer for the house

It is necessary to create a project (dwg format) to take into account the strength of the entire structure, its ease of use. Usually one kosour is enough in the center, because the metal is strong and reliable in terms of withstanding the load. The simplest way is to create a stringer from a direct type element.

Such stairs do not creak, the service life is much longer compared to conventional wooden stairs, even if they are oak

You need to take a pipe that has the right dimensions.
Mark the location of the steps.
Attach pipe sections with a support plate on top - filly.
The connection is made by welding - it is efficient and durable.
Holes are formed in the plate so that the steps can be fixed.
The steps are fixed based on what material the stringers are made of.
For the best result, iron sheets are taken, the width of which is cut to the size of the step.
Then they are attached with a welded seam to the supporting element.
The steps are fixed with bolts.

During the installation process, a special bonding solution is applied to the step from below in order to immediately make another step. This procedure is carried out to the very top. In the future, the steps can be decorated with lining. Landings are prepared before installation - ready-made reinforced concrete slabs are purchased.

Also, such blocks can be produced by pouring directly on the site where the construction takes place.

Filling is done on a frame of reinforcement. The frame is made of steel from a special rod.

Compact stairs on a stringer with a turn of 90ᵒ (corner)

Often, owners of country houses are faced with the problem of limited space in order to place a straight staircase.

Intermediate platforms are provided in these types of structures, however, most often they are replaced with winder steps to save space.

Building codes state that there should not be more than 18 steps in the rise.

Because of this, people prefer the creation of broken structures, for example, stairs in a zigzag plan.

Masters provide advice on the placement of stairs, which will not take up much space in the house:

Installation of stairs in a place in the home where the owners are least likely to visit.
Creation of accessible approaches to the stairs.
Using winder steps is less convenient than landings. This is important if the staircase will be created independently.
It is more profitable to study the options first.
It is also important to take into account the fact that the stairs will serve not only as a means of transportation for the owners, but also as a means of moving furniture, for example.
You need to choose a closed type structure if the space under the stairs will be used. An open staircase visually expands the space - it would be better to use it in a frequently visited room.
To install a metal staircase in a wooden house, you need to wait a while for the house to shrink. Otherwise, the integrity of the structure may be compromised.
You should make sure that it is possible to create a hole in the ceiling for access to the attic - it is extremely difficult to arrange a staircase in a monolith slab.

In the case of self-designing stairs, knowledge is required about the features and types of structural elements, as well as about the basic manufacturing rules.

We select stringers for metal stairs correctly

Installation of metal stringers is carried out by means of a crane, as well as manually. To do this, the inclined beam from below is mounted on a bolt to another beam, which is located horizontally. Then the top of the beam is fixed. Stair landings are fastened with niches to the beams during installation and are adjusted according to special project marks to prevent slipping.

In order to correctly design the drawings of the stairs to the second floor, it is necessary to calculate a whole list of indicators and take into account even such nuances as the type of material used

To simplify the task, you can create a schematic drawing of the stairs, according to which you can calculate what will be:

Kosour and the slope of the structure depending on it.
The comfort of the descent and ascent of the owners of the house.
March size.
The angle of inclination, based on different possible situations and the physical condition of the residents. The usual angle of inclination of 45ᵒ in all respects is suitable only for healthy people, but often, due to the lack of free space, the slope is created even more.
Ensuring an acceptable step size. The basic calculation option is the step size of a person whose height is from 165 to 185 cm. The accepted minimum dimensions are 65 cm.
To ensure confidence when walking up stairs, the size of the tread should be about 30 cm.

Full fixing by welding occurs later - when the entire assembly of the structure is completed. And until that time, the stringers are fixed temporarily, to determine other sizes of the connection. Bolts may not be used at all.

Instead, "tacking" with welding seams is used, although the structure is fixed with special removable slings.

All steps reach a weight of up to 85 kg. With such a weight, when installing steps, a couple of workers can handle it.

Do-it-yourself ladder on stringers (video)

Professionals recommend using prefabricated parts for home improvement, only as an exceptional method for houses in which there is no way to install the product in finished form. Difficulties may be insufficient dimensions of the room. The bottom line is that any prefabricated staircase with stringers, whether it is made of metal, reinforced concrete or wood, is formed according to a frame that is ready, and the final shape of the structure will depend on it. Based on this condition, the mounting of this base is a decisive factor. The general appearance of the structure and its strength, as well as safe operation, depend on this.

Ladder on metal stringers: metal calculation online, one photo and how to make a turn with your own hands

A staircase on metal stringers in the arrangement of private sector houses is very popular and practical in terms of the service life of the structure.

Calculation of stairs on stringers

A kosour in a staircase is called an inclined metal beam on which the steps rest.

This calculation concerns metal stringers from rolled channels.

The width of the flight of stairs is 1.05 m (prefabricated stairs LS11, weight of 1 step is 105 kg). The number of stringers - 2. H \u003d 1.65 m - half the height of the floor; l 1 \u003d 3.7 m - the length of the stringer. The angle of inclination of the kosour. = 27°, cos? = 0.892.

Live load (from the weight of people, carried loads, etc.)

As a result, the current standard load on the inclined stringer is q 1 n \u003d 449 kg / m 2. and the calculated q 1 p \u003d 584 kg / m 2.

Calculation (selection of the section of the stringer).

The first thing to do in this calculation is to bring the load per 1 sq. m of the march area to the horizontal and find the horizontal projection of the kosour. Those. in fact, with the actual length of the kosour l 1 and load per 1 sq.m march q 1. we translate these values into the horizontal plane through cos? so that the relationship between q and l remained in effect.

For this we have two formulas:

1) the load per 1 m 2 of the horizontal projection of the march is:

2) the horizontal projection of the march is:

Please note that the steeper the angle of inclination of the kosour, the shorter the length of the march projection, but the greater the load per 1 m 2 of this horizontal projection. This just preserves the dependence between q and l. which we are striving for.

As proof, consider two stringers of the same length 3 m with the same load of 600 kg / m 2. but the first is located at an angle of 60 degrees, and the second - 30. It can be seen from the figure that for these stringers the projections of the load and the length of the stringer are very different from each other, but the bending moment is the same for both cases.

Let us determine the normative and calculated value of q, as well as l for our example:

q n \u003d q n 1 / cos 2. \u003d 449 / 0.892 2 \u003d 564 kg / m 2 \u003d 0.0564 kg / cm 2;

q p \u003d q p 1 / cos 2. \u003d 584 / 0.892 2 \u003d 734 kg / m 2 \u003d 0.0734 kg / cm 2;

In order to select the cross section of the stringer, it is necessary to determine its moment of resistance W and moment of inertia I.

The moment of resistance is found by the formula W \u003d q p a l 2 /(2*8mR), where

q p \u003d 0.0734 kg / cm 2;

l\u003d 3.3 m \u003d 330 cm - the length of the horizontal projection of the stringer;

m = 0.9 is the coefficient of operating conditions of the stringer;

R \u003d 2100 kg / cm 2 - design resistance of steel grade St3;

8 - part of the notorious formula for determining the bending moment (M \u003d ql 2 / 8).

So, W \u003d 0.0734 * 105 * 330 2 / (2 * 8 * 0.9 * 2100) \u003d 27.8 cm 3.

The moment of inertia is found by the formula I \u003d 150 * 5 * aq n l 3 /(384*2Ecos?). Where

E \u003d 2100000 kg / cm 2 - the modulus of elasticity of steel;

150 - from the condition of maximum deflection f = l /150;

a \u003d 1.05 m \u003d 105 cm - march width;

2 - the number of stringers in the march;

5/348 is a dimensionless coefficient.

Spoiler: Determination of the moment of inertia according to Linovich

For those who want to understand in more detail the definition of the moment of inertia, let's turn to Linovich and derive the above formula (it is somewhat different from the original source, but the result of the calculations will be the same).

The moment of inertia can be determined from the formula for the allowable relative deflection of the element. The deflection of the stringer is calculated by the formula: f = 5q l 4 /348EI, whence I = 5q l 4/348Ef.

q \u003d aq n 1 / 2 \u003d aq n cos 2 ? / 2 - distributed load on the stringer from half the march (in the comments they often ask why the kosour is considered for the entire load from the march, and not for half - and so, the deuce in this formula just gives half the load) ;

f= l 1 /150 = l/150cos? - relative deflection (according to DSTU "Deflections and displacements" for a span of 3 m).

Plugging everything into the formula, we get:

I \u003d 150 * cos? * 5aq n cos 2. l 4 / (348 * 2E l cos 4 ?) = 150*5*aq n l 3 /(348*2Ecos?).

Linovich has, in fact, the same thing, only all the numbers in the formula are reduced to the "coefficient With. deflection dependent. But since in modern standards the requirements for deflections are more stringent (we need to limit ourselves to 1/150 instead of 1/200), then for ease of understanding, all numbers are left in the formula, without any abbreviations.

So, I \u003d 150 * 5 * 105 * 0.0564 * 330 3 / (384 * 2 * 2100000 * 0.892) \u003d 110.9 cm 4.

We select a rolling element from the table below. Channel number 10 suits us.

This calculation was made according to the recommendations of the book Linovich L.E. "Calculation and design of parts of civil buildings" and provides only for the selection of the section of a metal element. For those who want to understand in more detail the calculation of the metal stringer, as well as the design of the elements of the stairs, you must refer to the following regulatory documents:

SNiP III-18-75 "Metal structures";

DBN V.2.6-163:2010 "Steel structures".

In addition to calculating the kosour using the above formulas, you also need to calculate the fluctuation. What it is? Kosour can be strong and reliable, but when walking up the stairs, it seems that she shudders with every step. The feeling is not pleasant, so the standards provide for the following condition: if you load the stringer with a concentrated load of 100 kg in the middle of the span, it should bend no more than 0.7 mm (see DSTU B.V.1.2-3: 2006, table 1, item 4).

The table below shows the results of the calculation for fluctuation for stairs with steps 300x150 (h), this is the most convenient size of steps for a person, with different floor heights, and hence different lengths of the stringer. As a result, even if the above calculation gives a smaller section of the element, you need to finally select the kosour by checking the data in the table.

March projection length Lx, m

March height H, m

Stringer length L, m

In order to properly design the stairs, you can use the typical series:

1.450-1 "Stairs from prefabricated reinforced concrete steps on steel stringers";

1.450-3 "Steel ladders, platforms, ladders and railings".

How to design a flight of stairs from prefabricated steps along metal stringers, you can learn from the article "Combined stairs along metal stringers."

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Stringer stairs: arrangement of wooden, metal stringers and bowstrings

First of all, you need to figure out what the stringers of the stairs are, and what is the bowstring? They are often confused with each other, as they perform an unambiguous function. Most dictionaries define a kosour as an inclined beam on top of which steps are attached, but on a bowstring, steps are attached between these inclined ones using grooves, overhead fasteners or welding.

Below we will talk in more detail about such devices, as well as watch the video in this article on the topic under discussion.

Cut stringers for stairs

Bowstrings, stringers and ladders

Installation of steps with a bowstring

As you can see in the top two drawings, stair stringers differ from bowstrings in the shape and location of the steps. So, if the kosour is a jagged inclined beam, then the stair bowstring is straight, and if in the first case the steps are located on top, then in the second - between the profiles.

There is another very important difference: steps can only be located on one stringer when it goes in the center, and the bowstring is used only in pairs.

Combined design with different profiles

Also, bowstrings and stringers can be combined in one design, when even profiles are installed at the edges, and in the middle, to support the profiles, a toothed beam is mounted, as shown in the sketch above. Nevertheless, even experienced carpenters confuse stringers for stairs with bowstrings, but confusion arises only in the names, but by no means with the elements themselves.

It is interesting that after finishing work it is not always possible to distinguish the type of profile with which the steps are mounted, but for do-it-yourself installation, you need to understand the difference.

The device of wooden stringers and bowstrings

Various stringed stairs

First of all, the manufacture of stringers for stairs is associated with the size of the steps and the degree of slope of the beam, since the dimensions of the cutouts or fillies will directly depend on this. But we'll talk about this a little further, and now let's find out how to calculate the length of such an inclined beam, which we can install in one case or another.

Possible slopes for stairs

So, the stairs along the stringers can be mounted on a slope from 20⁰ to 75⁰, and from 75⁰ to 90⁰, side or folding ladder structures are already used, where horizontal wooden or metal profiles act as steps and they are also used instead of railings when moving.

But the allowable limit from 20⁰ to 75⁰ does not mean at all that this is an absolutely acceptable slope of the stairs for every person, because, starting from 40⁰ for children and the elderly, the climb will seem too steep and only athletically developed people can feel free there. Therefore, slopes from 40⁰ to 45⁰ are best used only in short sections and for auxiliary premises, and a slope from 45⁰ to 75⁰ is generally considered as rarely used.

Advice. When equipping a staircase in your home, it is best to choose an angle of inclination between 35 and 40 degrees, if this allows you to make free space in the room.

Such a slope is most convenient for moving and does not cause difficulties for healthy people.

Dimensions are calculated according to the principle of a right triangle

And now we will learn how to calculate the dimensions of the stringer of the stairs along the length and we will use the principle of a right triangle for this. Let's take the height of the kosour as the value A, the length of the march, as the value B, and represent the required value as C. Here we need the formula A 2 + B 2 = C 2 (we will substitute the digital values later).

There is an instruction for calculating the stringer of the stairs, which concerns the size of the steps, or rather, the width of the tread and the height of the riser, together with the thickness of this very tread. So, the step of a person of average height (160-180 cm) is approximately 60-64 cm, and it is this parameter that will be decisive in our calculations. Then let the width of the tread be denoted by us D, and the height of the step - H.
Two step heights and the width of the tread should correspond to the average step of an adult: 2H + D ≈ 60 ≈ 64 cm, but the D value should be optimally maintained within 25-30 cm so that at least 70% of the average person's foot fits on the tread.

Now let's calculate the steps for a single-flight staircase, where the height from the floor of the first floor to the floor of the second floor is 2.85m, with a height to the ceiling at the lower level of 2.55m (0.3m overlap).

Staircase to the second floor. Calculation of steps and passage

At such a distance, it will be convenient to choose a step height of 0.19m, then 2.85 / 0.19 = 15 pieces, as in the figure above, but there are actually fourteen steps, but the distance at the top to the floor of the second floor is the fifteenth, which means that the calculations are true. Now, in order for us to get the step value of an average person, let's make a tread 0.26 m wide and we get 2H + D = 2 * 0.19 + 0.26 = 0.64 m or 64 cm - our optimal result.

Recommendation. It is possible that the free space in the lower room will not allow us to make treads of the required width, then, in order to increase the slope and save usable space, we make each tread a few centimeters narrower.

And in order to compensate for the truncated distance, we resort to the option of winder steps, where each tread hangs over the previous one by 3-4 cm (the allowable value is 5 cm).

We are considering how to make a kosour for stairs and now we will go directly to the choice of material and dimensions of the workpiece. So, to calculate its net length, we use the formula that we talked about earlier: A 2 + B 2 \u003d C 2. where A \u003d 0.26 * 14 \u003d 3.64m, and B \u003d 2.85m, then 3.64 2 * 2.85 2 \u003d 13.2496 + 8.1225 \u003d 21.3721, but 21.3721 \u003d C 2.

This means that we need to extract the square root from this value: √21.3721=4.623 m - this is the finished length of the kosour itself, and the workpiece will need approximately 4.8 m.

For installation in the floor, the stringer must be cut

Continuing to consider how to make a kosour for stairs, let's pay attention to its installation in the floor. For a rigid connection, it is best to cut a quarter from a wooden beam and trim the floor to this distance to drown the heel there.

For the manufacture of such elements, pine, cedar, larch, ash, oak are usually used, but if the price does not bother you, then you can use mahogany.

Advice. The cutout in the ceiling for passage to the second floor should start from the level where the distance from the step to the ceiling will be at least two meters.

In our case, it turns out that the passage should begin approximately above the third step.

Arrangement of a bowstring for wooden stairs

All the calculations that we used for stringers can be used to calculate the bowstring, only in this case you do not have to cut the teeth for the steps. Here, various kinds of fasteners are installed on the inside of the profile, which replace the gear.

You can also make tread pockets, but this is too painstaking work and will take more time than installing consoles.

Metal stringers and bowstrings

Profiles for bowstring or stringer: 1) sawtooth bowstring made of sheet steel; 2) straight bowstring made of sheet steel; 3) jagged section; 4) a bowstring from a channel; 5) box-shaped kosour; 6) kosour from an I-beam; 7) without bracket; 8) with bracket

For metal structures of this type, channels, I-beams and thick sheet steel are usually used, but a rectangular hollow profile can also be used.

Of course, you will not cut a gear in metal, as in wood, because it is much easier to make it using a different profile, for example, a steel angle or strip.

In the figure you see 1) an I-beam or a channel (a hollow profile is possible); 2) tread; 3) consoles for fastening treads and risers (optional); 4) places of fastening of consoles; 5) places of fastening of treads.

Metal staircase with one stringer

As we have already said, the kosour has some advantage over the bowstring, as it can be used both in singles and in doubles.

In the top photo you can see how the steps are kept on the central profile, such structures are also called spinal stairs.

Also, stringers can be used for mounting spiral staircases, but here it is already better to mount factory-made structures, since there are more accurate calculations of bends.

By the way, such a device should not be confused with a spiral staircase, where the steps are held on a vertical support column, which is most often a metal pipe with a diameter of 100-150 mm.

Advice. To strengthen wooden stringers and bowstrings, you can use metal profiles, which we have just talked about.

They are mounted as the main supporting frame, and are sheathed on top with wooden beams or boards.

Conclusion

You can also use these calculations for arranging L-shaped and U-shaped stairs with platforms, that is, calculate each march separately. It will be somewhat more difficult to make a stringer for a design with rotary steps, but here you will already need knowledge of the very principle of arranging stairs of this type, although the general principle remains unchanged.

Straight ladder calculator

Specify all required parameters

SP- Mark the location of the first step, relative to the floor level surface on the second floor.

The definition of the convenience of stairs is calculated by a formula that is based on the size of a human step.

On average, the stride length varies from 60 to 66 centimeters, and the average value is taken as 63 centimeters.

30° to 40° - the optimal slope of the stairs.

20 -25 cm - the optimal height of the steps.

The calculation of stair steps depends on the height between floors and steps.

Comfortable depth of steps is at least 28-30 cm.

With the help of the protrusion of the step, you can remove the shortcomings of its depth.

Based on the results, the program will draw a drawing with the main dimensions and angles. Our drawing will show all the measurements of the steps, the marking of the stair bowstring in relation to the angle of the step, the top of the steps on the bowstring.

How to make a straight staircase with your own hands

To properly design a flight of stairs, you need to determine the free space where the structure will be located, take into account the height of the rise and the shape of the product, and forget about aesthetics.

This value is not tied to specific figures, only the number of marches will directly depend on the free space.

The smallest width of the march span is exactly 80 cm, if this value is less, then difficulties may arise with lifting furniture, passage for fat people. The optimal width is 100-140 cm.

Building materials for stairs

With the help of our program, you can perform an accurate calculation of a wooden or metal staircase, as well as find out the required amount of material for its construction.

A beam with a section of 50 and a length of 250 mm is ideal for both stringers and bowstrings.

It is better to choose beams for tread with a section of at least 30-40 mm.

Beams for understeps should have a cross section of 25 mm or more.

Beautiful balusters and handrails can be either ordered from a carpenter or bought ready-made, the process of their creation is quite laborious and complicated.

Each beam must be cut on each side, to the length of your stairs. Next, the bottom of the beam must be cut off 5 cm - the thickness of the tread.

In the kosour, we cut openings under our steps. With the help of a square, we mark the width of the treads and the height of the risers, minus 2-4 cm. After that, we mark the inner surface of the beam according to our markup.

Using a saw or electric jigsaw, saw off the excess.

We try on the kosour for the future location of the stairs. Each edge of it should fit snugly into the ceiling and the floor surface. We measure the horizontality of each washed down.

We sand the fitted surfaces, if necessary, mill the outer edges.

To install the risers, we saw the beam according to their number. We adjust them and sand them.

Mounting the riser on the kosour

Fastening is carried out from the front side with screws that are puttied.

After mounting the steps, we begin the installation of treads - steps.

We saw the beam into the exact number of steps, minus one. Then we skin each of them and go through all the protruding sides with a milling cutter.

With the help of wood screws we fix the steps on top of the steps.

We mount the balusters on the steps and fix them with studs: 8 millimeters thick and 100 millimeters long.

We attach the railing on top with self-tapping screws.

Now our staircase is installed, and it remains to paint and varnish. Lacquer also allows you to give a protective layer to our product. To preserve the structure of the tree, it is best to use a clear varnish.

Calculation of stairs on stringers - All about stairs

Calculation of stairs on stringers A stringer in a staircase is called an inclined metal beam on which the steps rest. This calculation concerns metal stringers from rolled channels.