Wild violets in nature. Marsh violet The best varieties of pansies

Forest violet is a perennial herbaceous plant from the violet family, which has creeping shoots lying on the ground and a creeping, branched rhizome. The roots of this plant produce new buds every year., thanks to this, rosettes of young leaves are formed on petioles about 10-15 centimeters.

It has a painted corolla of five petals, which come in different and interesting shapes. Often this plant can be found in tropical and subtropical regions, as well as in the Northern Hemisphere.

On a note. Violet grows in flower beds in the forest, found on slopes, ravines. It has a pleasant, fragrant smell and is a wonderful honey plant.

History of appearance

Violets are native to East Africa. In 1892, Baron Adalbert Saint-Paul noticed a flower among the stones in one of the localities of Tanzania, while enjoying a walk. His attention was drawn to the buds of a pleasant blue color with yellow splashes. The violet was in a crevice.

His father, Ulrich von Saint-Paul, had a collection of rare plants. The baron sent him the found flower, and in 1893 the violet was shown for the first time at an exhibition. After that breeders began to breed different varieties of this flower that differ in size and color.

Appearance

Forest violets are usually not as bright as field violets, but wonderful in their own way. The plant attracts attention with soft blue, purple, pale blue and mauve flowers with a yellow center. Also in nature you can find this plant and white. Petals vary in shape.

Almost all leaves are basal and have a variety of forms:

heart-shaped;
rounded ovoid;
kidney-shaped;
with long petioles.

The top row is much smaller than the bottom row. The bud has five stamens with short filaments. This plant does not have a stem. Violet grows up to 14-15 cm in height. Its bushes are quite neat.

Get to know the different types of flower in the photo:

Violet tricolor is one of the common types of forest violets. More often it is called. This plant can be found not only in the forest, but also on arable land and in the garden. No wonder this plant is called "violet tricolor", since its petals have more than one color. Blooms from May to early September. Also, pansies are a remedy. Viola tricolor herb is a good antipyretic medicine.

Dog violet also blooms not only in the forest, but also in open places, for example, in fields. Petals have only one shade: pale blue. The flowers are small, miniature. The leaves of this flower are stem, on cuttings and large. Blooms in May.

Marsh violet has fairly large round leaves- they are the first to catch the eye. The petals are pale blue or white with trailing veins, similar to the branches of a tree, dark purple. Despite its name, it grows not only in swamps, but also in damp meadows, in humid forests.

Field violet is a bit like pansies. Her petals are small, pale yellow. It usually grows in meadows, found on the edge of the forest. Pollination of this flower occurs in buds that have not yet opened. Has healing properties.

Fragrant violet has delicate, rounded and heart-shaped leaves. Its flowers are hard to miss, as they are bright purple or blue. The fragrant violet smells very pleasant, but strong. It begins to bloom from April to mid-May. Mostly found in the forest.

Care

One of the advantages of forest violets is the lack of careful care.

Important! Remember that the flower needs constant watering when it is only at the seedling stage.

If the violet grows indoors, at times it should be taken out to the street for ventilation. It is necessary to fertilize the plant with leaf compost every two weeks, you should not overdo it.

Violets themselves are modest and love to hide in the shade., but can also grow in a sunny place if moistened. They endure winter, withstand a slight drought. Violet forest, especially fragrant, two years is enough to grow to an area of one square meter.

Planting and growing

Seeds should be sown already freshly harvested, you can do this at any time of the year, except for winter. They begin to sprout after three weeks.
The soil should be nutritious, loose, loamy. It is necessary to spread the seeds on the surface and sprinkle a little with earth. It is necessary to make sure that direct sunlight does not fall on the future flower. Next, you need to close everything with a film.
Do not forget about watering the seeds, which is carried out every day.
Do not forget about ventilation.
Planting seeds should take place on convex places, a small hill.
Despite the fact that violets are resistant to almost everything, in extreme heat they need to be watered.

Though violets are really persistent and are not afraid of frost, yet they have a weakness - diseases. Alas, they also concern such beautiful tender plants.

There are several other dangerous diseases:

bacterial infection of the leaves;
non-infectious rot, when, with a decrease in temperature, violet leaves begin to gradually fade;
leaf chlorosis.

Viral diseases include variegation.

Peculiarities

Forest violet is a rather useful and interesting flower., which can help from many troubles. For example:

With inflammation of the throat, an infusion of this flower is used.
With a disease of the respiratory tract, a medicine from rhizomes helps us.
Also, the pleasant smell of violet soothes, relaxes, especially with hysteria, nervous excitement and seizures.
Oils are made from violets that remove swelling of the face and cracks that occur on the lips.

Note! But violet preparations should be taken with extreme caution, do not forget that it is still a poisonous plant.

Forest violet. Useful properties and application:

Wild violet is a truly unique flower. Modest, loving to hide in the shade, nevertheless, she will decorate your garden with her magical purple flower stars, cheer up with aroma and just be a delight to the eye.

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Wild violets are often grown in home gardens and flowerbeds today. Delicate bluish-blue stars, blooming at the end of April, do not leave anyone indifferent, but they are planted not only for beauty. Since ancient times, forest and field violets have been valued by the people for their healing properties and the ability to cure many diseases. Every year these violets become less and less, but there is nothing difficult in growing wild or forest flowers on your site.

Despite the fact that outwardly field and forest violets are very similar, there is a significant difference between these plants. Forest violet is a perennial plant with a creeping articulated rhizome and creeping ground shoots. The roots of the plant annually give new buds, from which rosettes of young leaves are formed.

The first flowers bloom in April, the leaves appear later. Shoots are low - 10-15 cm. It grows in large curtains on forest edges, slopes, in ravines. The flower is small (1-1.5 cm in diameter), light purple or bluish, although varieties of lilac and white are sometimes found in nature.

Field violet is an annual plant and reproduces mainly by self-sowing. The halo of its habitat is meadows, fields, roadside strips, open glades, private estates and vegetable gardens. Outwardly, it looks like a tricolor violet, but its petals are yellow-white. The stems of the field variety reach a height of 20-30 cm, the corolla is small, about 1.5 cm. The field violet blooms from spring until autumn.

Sowing seeds

Wild violet reproduces well by self-sowing, so there are usually no problems with growing these useful flowers. It is worth noting that it is easier to plant a forest beauty by separating young rosettes. Such plants grow faster and bloom the next year.

But the field violet reproduces exclusively by seeds, however, there is one important point here: the seeds formed in the flower are very small and dry quickly, after which their germination decreases. Therefore, it is recommended to sow them in the same year, immediately after harvest or before winter.

Seeds can be sown in pots, boxes or directly into the ground. In the latter case, you should choose a slightly shaded place so that the sprouts do not overheat. For normal growth, wild violets need loose soil in which water would not stagnate. If ordinary garden soil is used, then it is better to add sand, peat, and leaf compost to it. Further, the seeds are evenly distributed over the surface, lightly sprinkled with earth and covered with a film until the first shoots appear.

plant care

Wild violets do not require any special care. While they are at the stage of seedlings, it is necessary to water the plants regularly, and if they grow in a portable container, then take them outside for ventilation. After transplanting to a permanent place, care consists in weeding and periodic watering, especially in hot summer weather. You can feed with liquid fermented grass, leaf compost or special flower fertilizers.

If collecting seeds is not the goal, faded buds should be removed - this procedure will significantly extend the flowering period.

If a forest violet lives in your garden, you need to be prepared for the fact that it can grow throughout the garden. If such a prospect does not please, then from time to time it is necessary to remove part of the growth. All plants of the Violet family are very frost-resistant, therefore, they do not need shelter for the winter, even the most severe.

Varieties of forest violets

There are about five hundred plants that make up the Violet family, and at least 100 wild varieties of this flowering herb grow on the European continent. In our latitudes, the following species are most often found:

Violet tricolor. Its cultural variety is called "Pansies" - for the bright and rich color of the petals. This species can hardly be called a typical forest species, since it is found in the field, in the meadow, and even in the garden. Violet blooms from May to the end of summer, but the first fruits and seeds can be collected at the end of June. The plant has exceptional medicinal properties.
Swamp violet. A low perennial plant with rather large (5-6 cm) leaves and small pale blue or white flowers with purple veins. Contrary to its name, it does not grow in swamps, but in moist forests, where there is a lot of sphagnum moss.

Field violet. An annual or biennial plant that inhabits not only fields, but also meadows, slopes, and forest edges. It has common features with tricolor violets, but its corolla is smaller, and the petals are white-yellow. Also used for medicinal purposes.
Dog violet. It grows on the edges of forests, in rare thickets and open glades. It begins to bloom in May, propagates by self-sowing. The plant has well leafy stems, large leaves. Corolla small, one-color, pale blue or bluish.
Violet fragrant. This is a typical forest dweller, although many of its cultivated forms have now been bred. Having met such a beauty, one cannot help but stop looking at her bright purple-blue flowers, exuding a strong but pleasant aroma. Violet grows in large curtains, blooms very early - in April.

Application in traditional medicine

The healing properties of violet plants were known in antiquity, but even today they are widely used not only in folk medicine, but also in pharmacology in the form of fees. Field violet is usually used together with tricolor, as they are very similar in chemical composition and principle of action.

The collection of such herbs has the following medicinal properties:

expectorant - used for inflammation of the respiratory tract, tuberculosis, lingering cough, whooping cough;
anti-inflammatory and diuretic (pathological processes of the genitourinary system, colds);
antirheumatic;
hemostatic (recommended for women after childbirth and during menopause);
antiallergic (children's diathesis, bronchial asthma);
wound healing and disinfectant - applied externally in the form of compresses for acne, eczema, gout and other skin diseases without additional therapy;
restores metabolic processes.

The composition of plants contains flavonoids, saponins, esters, glycosides and many other active substances that increase the tone and immunity of the body. However, you should not abuse decoctions and tinctures, since an overdose can lead to vomiting, rashes and other unpleasant symptoms. You should also know that in severe kidney pathologies, as well as in hepatitis, the remedy is contraindicated.

Video "Violet Care Rules"

From this video you will learn how to properly care for violets.

Marsh violet (lat. Viola palustris)- a perennial herbaceous plant growing in marshy places, from the genus Violet (lat. Viola) of the Violet family (lat. Violaceae). The graceful flowers of a hardy stunted plant adorn the gloomy marsh landscape, giving it a more joyful look. In cultural floriculture, Marsh Violet feels good, decorating the shores of summer cottages with acidic or waterproof soil.

What's in your name

Marsh violet justifies its Latin generic name "Viola", meaning "violet" in Russian, with its light purple delicate petals with pronounced dark purple veins on the lower petal, drawing a mysterious pattern on a light background.

The specific Latin epithet "palustris" indicates wet, marshy places of growth of this species, because in translation from Latin into Russian the word "palustris" means "marsh".

Description

Perennial Violets Marsh is supported by a horizontally creeping long and thin rhizome, surrounded by a network of filamentous lateral roots. The plant is very stunted, breaking away from the surface of the earth only to a height of 5 to 15 centimeters.

Marsh Violet does not have a leafy stem. Leaves on long petioles form a basal rosette, born from a rhizome. The petioles are equipped with free stipules with a solid leaf blade and a finely serrated edge. The size of kidney-heart-shaped leaves are almost equal in length and width. The wavy-toothed edge of the leaf plate, together with its oval shape, gives the leaves a very decorative look. The surface of the leaves is bare on both sides. They do not have pubescence and petioles of leaves, and peduncles.

From the axils of the leaves of the basal rosette, erect flower stalks appear, the length of which reaches a maximum of 15 centimeters. The middle of the peduncle is marked by two stipules, sometimes descending just below the middle mark. The protective cup is formed by green petals of sepals with a blunt top in the amount of five pieces.

Flowering continues from April to July. Single flowers are bisexual, devoid of aroma, with petals painted in a light purple hue, sometimes reaching a whitish color. Five loose petals form a corolla of a miniature and delicate flower. The surface of the lower petal is marked by a clear pattern created by its dark purple veins, and at the base of this petal a blunt short spur is formed - a miniature pantry for flower nectar.

The reproductive organs of the Marsh Violets consist of five stamens and one pistil, located on a curved column. After fertilization, a fetus appears that looks like a single-celled trihedral box. When the seeds are fully ripe, the valves open, scattering the seeds around the mother plant. Therefore, the continuation of the life of the Marsh Violet occurs both due to germinating seeds, and due to the underground perennial rhizome.

Usage

Flower nectar accumulating in the spur of the lower flower petal is readily extracted by bees and other insects that pollinate Marsh Violet along the way. Thus, the plant can be used by summer residents who have beehives with bees on the site.

A low-growing rapidly growing marsh violet is an excellent ground cover plant for poorly permeable clay soils, for acidic soils, as well as for decorating the shores of a summer cottage with its decorative figured leaves and delicate light purple miniature flowers.

In nature, Violet marsh should be sought in damp meadows, along the banks of natural reservoirs, in forest swamps.

Common reed

The established opinion that almost nothing grows in the swamp has no real basis. In terms of the diversity of its plant species composition, a swamp is in no way inferior to a forest or meadow, and in some places even surpasses it.

Most of the marsh plants are hygrophilous (moisture-loving) plants.

Almost all of them are submerged in water, as a result of which they are deprived of water-retaining stomata. The leaves of marsh plants better than others retain oxygen, which is so rare in marsh water.

All marsh plants are classified into 5 groups:

microphytes These are plants that inhabit the bottom of the swamp.
Here, at a depth of about 6 meters, a large amount of algae grows. Among them are blue-green, diatoms and filamentous green algae.
macrophytes These are plants that inhabit the water column of the swamp (3-6 meters from the shore). Among them there are also flowering plants. Here you can find such green algae as hara and nitella, many mosses, among which sphagnum (peat) prevail.
Flowering plants include narrow-leaved pondweed and hornwort.
swamp plants level 1 These are plants that inhabit the immediate water area of the swamp (1.5-3 meters from the shore).
It is they who make up the usual idea of a swamp. Among the growing specimens, there are many broad-leaved pondweeds, white water lilies (water lilies), yellow capsules, floating pondweed, etc.
swamp plants level 11 These are plants that inhabit the coastal area of the swamp (less than 1.5 meters from the shore). Among them are reeds, reeds, horsetails, a lot of sedges, arrowheads, susak, burdock, chastuha, sitnyag, buttercup, sheikhzeria, rhynchospore, marsh iris, etc.
coastal swamp vegetation These are plants that grow along the banks of the swamp.
Among them are watch, cinquefoil, calla, a lot of green mosses (drepanokladus, calliergon). Small trees often grow: alder, birch and willow; among shrubs - cranberries, cassandra, heather, cotton grass.

There are also very rare plants-predators - sundew and zhyryanka.

Marsh marigold

River gravel

Cuckoo color

calamus marsh

buttercup caustic

Marsh calla

forget-me-not swamp

Common loosestrife

All organisms need water, life without it is impossible.

But everything is good in moderation. When there is too much water, plants suffer from a lack of oxygen for breathing, because water has displaced it from the soil. Life in humid places is not for everyone, but there are plants that have adapted to such a life.

A swamp is a community of perennial plants that can grow in conditions of abundant moisture from flowing or stagnant waters. The swamp soil contains little oxygen, and often nutrients (mineral salts) that plants need.

There are different types of swamps.

There are sphagnum bogs (they are also called peat, riding). Among the plants, sphagnum moss prevails there - you will read about it in the book. Only here you can meet the well-known cranberry and the amazing sundew plant. They are also discussed ahead.

There are swamps where sedges predominate. Other herbs grow along with them.

These swamps are called so - grassy (or lowland). Swamps, where you can find not only perennial grasses and mosses, but also many trees and shrubs, are called forest.

In a meadow, in a forest, along the banks of rivers and lakes, along the road, there are often areas with a high water content in the soil. Plants adapted to life in waterlogged conditions also settle here.

1. Underline marsh producers in green, consumers in red, destroyers in brown.

White partridge, sandpiper, cranberry, wild rosemary, crane, microbes, frog, blueberry, sedge, elk, mosquito, cloudberry, sphagnum.

What did the artist get wrong? Get the arrows right.

Swap pike and eagle, partridge and carp.

Guess and write the name of the natural wealth of the swamps, from which jelly and jam are cooked.

4. Solve the crossword puzzle, and then you can read the name of the "profession" of organisms that have a hard time in the swamp.

1. Mosquito larvae living at the bottom of the lake. — bloodworm

2. Talking bird with long legs. — Crane

The most important plant of swamps. — Sphagnum

4. Coastal plant, often incorrectly called reeds. — cattail

5. Fuel formed from dead plant residues. — Peat

6. Predatory lake fish. — Pike

7. Long-nosed wading bird. — Sandpiper

8. An insect that "eats" moose.

— Mosquito

Garbage man

Learning to understand the text

Read the text "How peat is formed" on page 52 of the textbook. Complete the tasks.

1. What is peat formed from? Choose the correct answer and mark it.

From the dead remains of sphagnum moss.

From the dead remains of marsh animals.

Why does peat form in swamps? Choose only one answer and mark it.

Because there is no oxygen in wet marsh soil and destroyers cannot live.

3. Why are there so few destroyers in the swamp? Choose only one answer and mark it.

Sphagnum kills germs.

How do people use peat? Choose only one answer and mark it.

as a fuel.

5. Write, from the dead remains of which living organisms peat is formed.

From the dead remains of marsh plants and animals.

Which sentence best helps to understand the main idea of the text? Choose only one answer and mark it.

Therefore, the dead remains are not destroyed, but gradually become compacted and turn into peat.

On the features of peat formation.

8. If there was one more paragraph in the text, what would it be about?

About what kind of ecosystem was formed on the site of swamps.

Which heading best describes the content of the text? Choose only one answer and mark it.

Where does sphagnum live?

10. What did you find most interesting in this text? Why are you interested?

I wonder how people use sphagnum.

swamp plants

All organisms need water, life without it is impossible. But everything is good in moderation. When there is too much water, plants suffer from a lack of oxygen for breathing, because water has displaced it from the soil. Life in humid places is not for everyone, but there are plants that have adapted to such a life.

A swamp is a community of perennial plants that can grow in conditions of abundant moisture from flowing or stagnant waters.

The swamp soil contains little oxygen, and often nutrients (mineral salts) that plants need.

There are different types of swamps. There are sphagnum bogs (they are also called peat, riding). Among the plants, sphagnum moss prevails there - you will read about it in the book. Only here you can meet the well-known cranberry and the amazing sundew plant.

They are also discussed ahead.
There are swamps where sedges predominate. Other herbs grow along with them. These swamps are called so - grassy (or lowland). Swamps, where you can find not only perennial grasses and mosses, but also many trees and shrubs, are called forest.
In a meadow, in a forest, along the banks of rivers and lakes, along the road, there are often areas with a high water content in the soil.

Plants adapted to life in waterlogged conditions also settle here.

The most famous of the swamp shrubs - cranberry. It grows both on ridges and in hollows, and in some places forms a continuous cover. Everyone has seen cranberries, but some townspeople do not know how beautiful they bloom. The common marsh cranberry grows throughout the swamp, its berries differ in both size and shape (both round and pear-shaped, both large and smaller), and sometimes small-fruited cranberries are also found on high hummocks.

She has very small berries and smaller flowers. It has no economic significance, but it is precisely by its presence that one can judge that the “swamp is untouched” and it should be protected.

There is also a shrub with berries - black crowberry. It grows on ridges and swampy pine forests on the outskirts of the swamp massif. It is also called crowberry - the berries are tasteless, but they quench their thirst well. And the name "crowberry", of course, is due to the fact that the berries look like bird's eyes.
Two other amazing marsh shrubs - common bog and marsh myrtle, or Cassandra, do not have tasty berries. Their flowers have a similar shape - they resemble a ball, and, probably, this shape is not accidental ...

Podbel is called podbelom for the white leaves below, and the leaves of the marsh myrtle resemble real myrtle, growing much further south. These plants are found only in swamps.

And here are a couple more bushes - heather and wild rosemary grow not only in swamps, but also in pine forests on the sands and in marshy pine forests.

Marsh rosemary smells remarkably strong and intoxicating. They say that if you breathe it for a long time, you can get a headache, but, like any medicine in small doses, it is, of course, useful and used in medicine. Heather is also used in medicine. In addition, he is a good honey plant. Heather flowers are pink, it is very decorative.

Swamp plants.

The treeless swamps of the taiga zone are dominated by plants from the sedge family (fluffy, cotton grass, reeds, black-eyed), rushes (Scheuchzeria, Triostenica), grasses (reed grass, reed, lightning).

Water lily pure white large white water lily flower. It grows in quiet backwaters of rivers and deep hollows of aapa swamps. Flowers reach 12 cm in diameter, and rounded leaves - 30 cm. Pure white water lily is a living clock. In the evening at 6-7 o'clock its flowers close and plunge into the water, and in the morning, also at 6-7 o'clock, they appear above the water and open again.

But if the flowers did not appear in the morning, wait for the rain. The rhizomes of water lilies contain up to 20% starch, they are readily eaten by muskrats, water rats and even pigs. The water lily is used in medicine. The alkaloid nymphein, extracted from the plant, is used for diseases of the bladder and gastritis.

Common reed. The ubiquitous reed is found from the forest-tundra to the tropics. It forms floodplains in river mouths, thickets in the shallow waters of lakes and on saline coasts of the seas, phytocenoses in open and forest lowland and transitional swamps.

In swamps, under optimal conditions, it reaches a height of 2 m, and in extreme conditions - only 50-70 cm. In fact, reeds love running water; therefore, it also settles in swamps where water moves along the surface or in the depths of a peat deposit. And the better the flow and the richer the nutrition, the greater the green mass of reeds annually. From 1 hectare of reed beds, you can get from 8 to 60 centners of hay, and it is the richer in carotene (provitamin A) than it was mowed before.

Water, flowing through the reed floodplains, is purified like a filter: the reed extracts many harmful substances (sodium, sulfur) from the water, retains oil slick, clay, and suspensions. But the significance of the reed is not limited to this: the fate of many species of birds and animals living in its thickets is connected with it. Since ancient times, the leaves and stems of the reed have been used to weave baskets, shields, and mats.

It is used for fuel, for covering roofs, on hedges. Paper is made from cane: its output from dry raw materials is up to 50%.

sedges. The most common marsh plants are sedges: about 40 species of them are found in peat bogs, along the banks of rivers and lakes, in swampy forests and meadows. The height of the sedges is different: from 10 cm to 1 m, and the spikelets are either very small (about 0.5 cm) or large (up to 10 cm).

The spikelet is either one or several of them, collected in a panicle, they are upright or drooping. Due to morphological diversity and biological plasticity, sedges occupy different habitats in swamps: from oligotrophic to eutrophic.

Sedges also have practical significance. They are primarily used as hay. Mowed before flowering or heading, but not later, they contain twice as much digestible protein. Some sedges are even higher in protein content than many cereals.

Some sedges are well eaten in hay, others are used in the production of silage. Large sedges are suitable for coarse fiber and even paper.

Valerian officinalis. Valerian is becoming increasingly rare in natural habitats. And yet it can still be found in lowland swamps, in swampy meadows, on wet forest edges. Large pinkish-lilac fragrant inflorescences adorn this plant in summer.

Her rhizome is 2-3 cm long and thick, biennial, with many cord-like roots, with a strong peculiar smell.

Yellow capsule. This is a constant neighbor of the water lily. Their leaves are similar, but the flowers of the capsule are different: yellow, small.

hellebore common. It is an inhabitant of wet meadows, individual lowland swamps and wet thickets of shrubs. The folk names of hellebore are green anchar, spinning top.
Hellebore is very poisonous!

Already 2g of fresh hellebore roots can kill a horse. Cattle usually do not touch hellebore, but young animals still often die after eating it, and even their meat becomes poisonous. Hellebore is also dangerous in hay, since its poisons are not destroyed when dried. Hellebore poisons penetrate the blood even through the skin. If its juice gets on the skin, then at first there is a burning sensation, then coldness and sensitivity is completely lost.

Milestone poisonous. This is a perennial plant with a thick rhizome and large leaves dissected into narrow lobes. It is found in lowland swamps, swampy meadows, along the banks of rivers and lakes (the Latin name Cicuta comes from the Greek word for "empty").

Especially poisonous is the milestone rhizome, pink from the inside, empty, separated by partitions. It tastes like a turnip or radish, and smells like carrots. 100-200g of raw rhizome already kills a cow, and 50-100g a sheep. Often they poison children, attracted by the juicy and appetizing-looking rhizome, and pets. The poison affects and depresses the nervous system, lowers motor activity and blood pressure.

You can avoid progressive poisoning by giving milk, eggs, anticonvulsants.

And yet milestone poisonous also has a certain practical significance.

Its roots and rhizomes in folk medicine are used externally in the treatment of rheumatism, gout, and some skin diseases. An infusion of milestone herb is considered anticonvulsant and diaphoretic, expectorant and sedative. It is used to treat whooping cough, epilepsy, hysteria, stuttering, psychosis.

Use milestones in gardening. An infusion of its herb is a good remedy against leaf-eating caterpillars and sawfly larvae.

Marsh calla.

This plant forms dense thickets along the swampy banks of rivers and lakes; it is found in lowland forest (spruce, black alder) and swamp bogs.

The plant is named after the white leaf that covers the inflorescence.

Marsh marigold. It often grows right in the shallow water of rivers and lakes. It is noted that during the flowering period of the plant is poisonous, but very large doses are needed for poisoning. Cattle do not eat it, but people eat marigold buds, preparing them in a special way and using them instead of capers as a seasoning for meat dishes.

Violet amazing- Viola mirabilis L.

It grows throughout the European part of Russia, with the exception of the Arctic and the Lower Volga region, in Siberia, the Caucasus and Central Asia. The plant was also found in the Sikhote-Alin Primorye, in Europe and Asia Minor. A typical representative of deciduous forests. Decorative plant.

Perennial 6 - 40 cm high, rhizome usually branched, ascending, consisting of short internodes, with fairly well-marked boundaries of annual growths, covered with scars of leaves and their remains, bears dormant buds and groups of adventitious roots. The top of the rhizome (growths of the last 2-3 years) rises 1.5-2 cm above the ground and ends with a rosette of leaves of the current year with an apical bud of renewal. Lateral flower-bearing shoots of violets are surprisingly heterogeneous. Shoots with cleistogamous flowers develop in the axils of lower scaly leaves and bear well-developed green leaves. Shoots with chasmogamous flowers, developing in the axils of rosette green leaves, are devoid of green leaves and bear only two membranous bracts. Each annual growth bears first scaly, and then green leaves. Basal leaves are large, 2-10 cm long, 2.2-9 cm wide, light green, thin, rolled into a tube when young, with large, long-lasting stipules, the lower of which are broadly ovate, entire, the upper ones are lanceolate, along the edges ciliated, petioles long, glabrous or slightly pubescent. The leaves are rounded kidney-shaped, with a heart-shaped base, blunt or slightly pointed at the apex, shallowly crenate along the edges, sparsely hairy or almost glabrous. The stems are weak or rather powerful, erect, glabrous, often hairy on one side, usually in the lower part or in the middle with one long-petiolate stem leaf and with two or three short-petiolate leaves in the upper part, the same shape as the basal or reniform. Chasmogamous flowers on long stalks in the axils of basal leaves, fragrant, 1.3-2 cm long, with obovate, light purple petals, whitish at the base, with a greenish-white, blunt, or slightly pointed spur. Sepals large, broadly lanceolate or lanceolate, three-veined, pointed, with rounded, short appendages. Cleistogamous flowers on short pedicels, in the axils of the upper stem leaves are small, green, non-opening, their sepals are lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, mostly obtuse, longer or shorter than the pointed, bare box. Blooms in late April - early May.

Mesohygrophyte. In the spring, initially, open chasmogamous flowers develop in the axils of the basal rosette leaves, and later, erect stems with cleistogamous flowers, which, unlike spring sterile flowers, form fruits. When ripe, the bolls open with three flaps and scatter seeds. The seeds have fleshy appendages and are dispersed by ants. Seed germination usually occurs after wintering at the end of April. Germination of seeds is above ground. The above-ground shoot, starting from the hypo-cotyl, gradually lodges and grows at the top, in its older part, over the years, it is covered with forest litter and is immersed in the soil. The main root dies in the 7-8th year, and the adventitious roots towards the top of the shoot become more and more powerful. Their appearance contributes to the immersion of the older part of the stem into the soil. This process begins with the rooting of the cotyledon node at about the 3rd year of life. Rhizome sections that are 12-15 years old usually already die off and are destroyed. In the generative state, vegetative reproduction is observed by dividing the rhizome of the mother plant. Subsidiaries have a branched rhizome and a well-developed root system. The formation of root offspring is possible in heavily shaded habitats with underdeveloped grass cover. They develop on thin, horizontal adventitious and lateral roots, singly or in small groups. The length of the adventitious root varies from 10 to 100 cm (depending on the soil). Adnexal buds, from which root offspring develop, are deeply rejuvenated rudiments. In root-sprout plants, larger leaves and stems are observed, their seed reproduction is strongly suppressed.