GOST 13109 97 standards for the quality of electrical energy in general-purpose power supply systems. probable culprits for deterioration of CE

Energy saving

For more than forty years, the only regulatory document in Russia that establishes in Russia both the nomenclature of electrical energy quality indicators (EQ) and EC standards, as well as the fundamental requirements for control, methods and means of measuring EC indicators, is the GOST 13109 standard “Electric energy. Electromagnetic compatibility of technical equipment. Standards for the quality of electrical energy in general-purpose power supply systems" (sequentially in the editions of 1967, 1987 and 1997).
From 2013, a new standard will come into force - GOST R 54149-2010. More details about its main provisions and differences from the current document can be found in the material of one of the developers of the standard, Vladimir Vasilyevich Nikiforov.

NEW STANDARD FOR ELECTRICAL ENERGY QUALITY
Main provisions and differences from GOST 13109-97

Vladimir Nikiforov, Deputy General Director, Scientific Director of LINVIT LLC, Moscow

The importance of GOST 13109 for organizing work to ensure CE is indisputable, especially in the last decade, when new means of measuring CE indicators (PKE) appeared, based on the requirements of GOST 13109-97 and detailed methods for measuring and processing measurement results in RD 153-34.0-15.501- 00 “Guidelines for monitoring and analyzing the quality of electrical energy in general-purpose power supply systems. Part 1. Quality control of electrical energy." To a large extent, this was facilitated by the introduction of mandatory certification of electricity, which led to a sharp increase in demand for CE measuring instruments and methods for organizing control and management of CE.

However, in the 2000s, structural changes took place in the electric power industry, and a transition to market relations was made. A number of legislative and regulatory acts have been adopted, including the Federal Law “On the Electric Power Industry” dated March 26, 2003 No. 35-FZ, the Federal Law dated March 26, 2003 No. 36 FZ “On the Features of the Functioning of the Electric Power Industry in the Transition Period”, Resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 12/27/2004 No. 861 and 08/31/2006 No. 530, which established the need to provide energy efficiency to electricity industry entities within the framework of their responsibility.

In addition, in recent years, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) has published new standards establishing provisions related to the nomenclature of CE indicators, methods and means of measuring CE: IEC 61000-4-30: 2008, IEC 61000-4-7: 2002 with Amendments 1: 2008. In this regard, GOST R 51317.4.30-2008 and 51317.4.7-2008, harmonized with international standards, were put into effect in the Russian Federation. Thus, for the first time, we have special standards for measurement methods and requirements for FE measuring instruments, which, however, differ significantly from GOST 13109-97. In September 2010, a European standard was approved establishing CE standards applied in EU countries - EN 50160: 2010.

Finally, large-scale electrical energy tests carried out over the past five years in distribution networks in various regions as part of periodic CE monitoring and certification tests have revealed some shortcomings of GOST 13109-97 that require correction. These include, in particular, failure to take into account the differences between the requirements for CE in local isolated general-purpose power supply systems and the requirements for CE in general-purpose power supply systems connected to the Unified Energy System of Russia, the responsibility of consumers for ensuring CE, the complexity of meeting regulatory requirements for voltage deviations on terminals of the final electrical receivers.
These facts and circumstances determined the need for a radical revision of GOST 13109-97, in fact, the development of a new standard for FE.

Purpose of development

The purpose of developing the standard was to introduce in the Russian Federation a new regulatory document on the requirements for energy efficiency, meeting market relations in the electric power industry and the country's economy, taking into account the recommendations and provisions of international standards and new national standards on methods and means of measuring and assessing energy efficiency indicators, as well as bringing the structure closer together and the provisions of this standard with the European standard EN 50160: 2010.

New standard according to CE GOST R 54149-2010 “Electric energy. Electromagnetic compatibility of technical equipment. Standards for the quality of electrical energy in general-purpose power supply systems" was developed by LINVIT LLC and the Technical Committee for Standardization TC 30 "Electromagnetic Compatibility of Technical Equipment" within the framework of the National Standardization Program approved in 2009 by the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology, which provides for the revision of GOST 13109 -97.

By order of Rosstandart, the entry into force of GOST R 54149-2010 is determined from 01/01/2013 with the simultaneous termination of GOST 13109-97.

The developers of GOST R 54149-2010 set themselves the task of maintaining continuity with GOST 13109, taking into account a number of basic regulatory provisions of EN 50160: 2010.

Structure of the new GOST

The main differences between GOST R 54149-2010 and the current GOST 13109-97 relate to:

• scope of the standard;
• its structure and content;
• terms and their definitions;
• definitions and standardization of PKE;
• responsibility for CE of network organizations and consumers;
• taking into account the requirements for CE in isolated power supply systems;
• requirements for control and measurement of PCE.

The structure and content of GOST R 54149-2010 are determined by the following sections:

• Application area.
• Normative references.
• Terms and Definitions.
• Indicators and standards for the quality of electrical energy.
• Reference applications (statistical data).

Sections on methods for calculating and measuring CE indicators, on requirements for relevant measuring instruments, and methods for monitoring CE in power supply systems contained in GOST 13109-97 are not included in this standard. They are contained in the above-mentioned special national standards GOST R 51317.4.30-2008 and GOST R 51317.4.7-2008.

Thus, the structure of GOST R 54149-2010 is brought into line with generally accepted international practice: requirements for CE - in some standards, measurement methods and requirements for measuring instruments that meet these methods - in others. In this sense, the new standard is similar in structure to EN 50160: 2010.

Scope of application of GOST R 54149-2010: this standard establishes indicators and standards of CE at points of electricity transmission to users of low, medium and high voltage networks of general purpose power supply systems of alternating three-phase and single-phase current with a frequency of 50 Hz.

This requirement significantly distinguishes the new standard from GOST 13109-97, in which CE standards are related to points of general connection (with the exception of steady-state voltage deviation), and is more consistent with the conditions of a market economy. It is at the transmission points that electricity is circulated in accordance with the contract for the supply or services for the transmission of electricity of established quality, for which the grid organization is responsible. The provisions of the standard are consistent with the Federal Law “On Electric Power Industry” and Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 27, 2004 No. 861. The same points include the CE standards established in the European standard EN 50160: 2010.

The standards for steady-state voltage deviation in GOST 13109-97 refer to the terminals of electrical receivers, which are usually connected to consumer networks, which are not covered by the responsibility of the network company. GOST R 54149-2010 obliges the consumer, on his side, to ensure conditions under which deviations in the supply voltage at the terminals of electrical receivers do not exceed the permissible values ​​​​established for them, if the requirements of this standard for CE at the point of transmission of electrical energy are met. That is, consumers are also responsible for ensuring the required CE. This is consistent with the requirements that electricity suppliers are responsible for ensuring the EC supplied to consumers, and that manufacturers of electrical installations and electrical equipment and consumers purchasing it are responsible for ensuring that said equipment and installations, when put into operation, do not create unacceptable conducted electromagnetic interference in power networks.

CE standards in GOST R 54149-2010 are established both for electrical networks of general-purpose power supply systems connected to the Unified Energy System of Russia, and for isolated general-purpose power supply systems. The requirements of GOST 13109-97 do not establish differences in standards for CE indicators in the specified power supply systems, which led, for example, to the impossibility of ensuring established standards for frequency deviations in electrical networks powered from autonomous alternating current sources (for example, diesel generators), for which These standards turn out to be unjustifiably stringent.

Unlike GOST 13109-97, the CE standards established in the new standard are not considered as electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) levels for conducted electromagnetic interference in general-purpose power supply systems. Requirements for EMC levels of technical equipment are the subject of separate regulatory documents.

Terms and Definitions

The section “Terms and Definitions” includes some new terms and clarifies the old ones, taking into account the relations of participants in the electricity market. In particular:

Grid organization is an organization that owns, by right of ownership or on another basis established by federal laws, electric grid facilities, using which it provides services for the transmission of electrical energy and carries out, in the prescribed manner, the technological connection of power receiving devices (power installations) of legal entities and individuals to networks, as well as exercising the right to conclude contracts for the provision of services for the transmission of electricity using electric grid facilities owned by other owners and other legal owners;

electric network user– the party that receives electrical energy from the electrical network or transmits electrical energy to the electrical network. Users of electrical networks include network organizations and other owners of electrical networks, consumers of electrical energy, as well as generating organizations;

consumer of electrical energy– a legal entity or individual who uses electrical energy (power) on the basis of a concluded agreement;

electrical energy transfer point– a point in the electrical network located on the dividing line of electrical power facilities between owners on the basis of ownership or possession on another basis provided for by federal laws, determined in the process of technological connection;

matched supply voltage U With – a voltage different from the standard rated network voltage according to GOST 29322, agreed upon for a specific user of the electrical network at technological connection as the power supply voltage;

quality of electrical energy– the degree of compliance of the characteristics of electrical energy at a given point in the electrical system with the totality of standardized CE indicators;

labeled data– a term used to designate the results of measurements of CE indicators and the results of their averaging over time intervals within which interruptions, voltage dips or overvoltages occurred. When assessing the compliance of electrical energy with the CE standards established in this standard, the marked data is not taken into account.

Electricity characteristics

Changes in electrical energy characteristics related to frequency, values, voltage shape and voltage symmetry in three-phase power supply systems are divided into two categories in the standard:

• long-term changes in voltage characteristics;
• random events.

Long-term changes in power supply voltage characteristics represent long-term deviations of voltage characteristics from nominal values ​​and are mainly caused by load changes or the influence of non-linear loads. These include: frequency deviation, slow voltage changes, voltage fluctuations and flicker, voltage non-sinusoidality, voltage unbalance in three-phase systems, voltage of signals transmitted over networks. With regard to long-term changes in the characteristics of the power supply voltage, this standard establishes CE indicators and standards.

Random events are sudden and significant changes in the voltage waveform, leading to a deviation of its parameters from the nominal ones. They are usually caused by unpredictable events, which include voltage interruptions and sags, overvoltages, and surge voltages.

CE indicators

The definitions of a number of CE indicators in this standard differ from those used in GOST 13109-97.

Thus, CE indicators related to voltage deviations are defined as the values ​​of negative and positive deviation of the power supply voltage from the nominal/agreed-on effective voltage value, including harmonics, interharmonics, information signals in electrical networks, etc., which corresponds to international standards and, accordingly, GOST R 51317.4.30-2008:

δ U (–) = [(U 0 – U m(–)) / U 0 ] · 100;
δ U (+) = [(U m(+) – U 0) / U 0 ] 100,

Where U m(–) , U m(+) – power supply voltage values, less than U 0 and larger U 0 respectively, averaged over a time interval of 10 minutes in accordance with the requirements of GOST R 51317.4.30, subsection 5.12;
U 0 – voltage equal to standard rated voltage U nom or matched voltage U With.

For the above CE indicators, the following standards are established: positive and negative voltage deviations at the point of electricity transmission should not exceed 10% of the nominal or agreed voltage value for 100% of the time of the one week interval.

In GOST 13109-97, the steady-state voltage deviation is calculated taking into account only the 1st voltage harmonic U (1) :

δ U= (U (1) – U nom) / U nom

and is characterized by normally permissible and maximum permissible values ​​at the terminals of electrical receivers equal to ±5 and ±10%, respectively.

The standards (numerical values) for permissible frequency deviations in synchronized power supply systems are the same as in GOST 13109-97: ±0.2 Hz for 95% of the time of an interval of one week and ±0.4 Hz for 100% of the time of the interval in one week.

The limits for permissible frequency deviations in isolated power supply systems with stand-alone generator sets not connected to synchronized electrical power transmission systems are less stringent: ±1 Hz for 95% of the time of a one-week interval and ±5 Hz for 100% of the time of a one-week interval week.

FE indicators related to the harmonic components of voltage are:

• values ​​of the coefficients of harmonic voltage components up to the 40th order TO U(n) as a percentage of the fundamental harmonic component voltage U 1 at the power transmission point;
• the value of the total coefficient of harmonic components of the voltage (the ratio of the root mean square value of the sum of all harmonic components up to the 40th order to the root mean square value of the fundamental component) K U,% at the point of electricity transmission.

The norms (numerical values) of FE indicators related to non-sinusoidality and voltage asymmetry in this standard are kept unchanged as in GOST 13109-97, but CE indicators related to voltage non-sinusoidality are measured and assessed taking into account the influence of not only higher harmonics, but also groups of closely spaced combinational (interharmonic) components in accordance with GOST R 51317.4.7-2008, subsections 3.2, 3.3.

Taking into account the requirements of GOST R 51317.4.30-2008 for classes and measuring instruments of CE indicators, this standard establishes standards for CE indicators in the form of values ​​measured over a single time interval of class A measurements, equal to 10 periods of network voltage 50 Hz (0.2 s) s averaging at each time interval of 10 minutes over a week.

According to the requirements of GOST 13109-97, FE indicators must be measured over the main time interval from 0.1 to 0.5 s with averaging over a time interval of 3 s or 1 min (for voltage deviations) during every 24 hours of the weekly cycle.

Thus, the estimated time interval for measuring CE indicators to assess their compliance with the requirements of the new standard is 1 week, and not 24 hours, as required by GOST 13109-97.

RUSSIAN AND EUROPEAN STANDARDS

The main differences between GOST R 54149-2010 and the European standard EN 50160: 2010 are the requirements for a number of PKE: EN 50160 does not have maximum permissible values ​​for some of the KE indicators; an important indicator for our networks is the zero-sequence voltage asymmetry coefficient; less stringent requirements have been introduced. in comparison with GOST R 54149-2010, requirements for frequency and voltage deviations are unreasonable for Russian networks, incomplete data for CE indicators in high-voltage networks, etc.

The requirements of the European standard are designed for use in electrical networks of countries that have different requirements for the design of electrical networks and a different level of condition of these networks compared to the Russian one.

When revising GOST 13109-87 and developing the edition of GOST 13109-1997, CE indicators and standards were analyzed and discussed in detail and were reasonably accepted. In the period since the entry into force of GOST 13109-1997 (1999), the technical state of our networks does not yet provide grounds for revising CE standards in the direction of their mitigation and harmonization with European ones.

As for the structure and content of the standard, general approaches to CE standardization and requirements for methods for measuring CE indicators, the provisions of the new domestic and European standards are quite close.

The approved GOST R 54149-2010 is included in the national standardization program of the Russian Federation for its re-registration into the interstate standard of the EurAsEC organization.

LITERATURE

1. IEC 61000-4-30: 2008 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 4-30: Testing and measurement techniques – Power quality measurement methods.
2. IEC 61000-4-7: 2002 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 4-7: Testing and measurement techniques – General guide on harmonics and interharmonics measurement and instrumentation, for power supply systems and equipment connected thereto.
3. GOST R 51317.4.30–2008 (IEC 61000-4-30:2008). Electromagnetic compatibility of technical equipment. Methods for measuring electrical energy quality indicators.
4. GOST R 51317.4.7–2008 (IEC 61000-4-30:2008). Electromagnetic compatibility of technical equipment. General guidance on measuring instruments and measurements of harmonics and interharmonics for power supply systems and technical equipment connected to them.
5. EN 50160:2010 Voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by public electricity networks.
6. GOST 29322-92. Standard voltages.

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ELECTRIC ENERGY

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE QUALITY OF ELECTRIC ENERGY IN GENERAL PURPOSE ELECTRICAL NETWORKS

Price 5 kopecks.

Official publication

USSR STATE COMMITTEE ON STANDARDS Moscow

UDC 621.311:621.332: 006.354 Group E02

STATE STANDARD OF THE USSR UNION

ELECTRIC ENERGY

Requirements for the quality of electrical energy in general purpose electrical networks GOST

Electrical energy. Requirements for quality of 13109_87

electrical energy in general-purpose electrical networks

Date of introduction 01/01/89 Failure to comply with the standard is punishable by law

The standard establishes requirements for the quality of electrical energy in general-purpose electrical networks of alternating three-phase and single-phase current with a frequency of 50 Hz at the points to which receivers or consumers of electrical energy are connected.

The standard does not establish requirements for the quality of electrical energy in electrical networks: special purpose (for example, contact traction, communications); mobile installations (eg trains, aircraft, ships); autonomous power supply systems; temporary appointment; connected to mobile power supplies.

The terms used in the standard and their explanations are given in Appendix 1.

1. NOMENCLATURE OF ELECTRIC ENERGY QUALITY INDICATORS

1.1. Electric energy quality indicators (EPQ) are divided into two groups: main PQI and additional PQI.

Official publication

The main PKE determine the properties of electrical energy that characterize its quality. Additional PKE are forms of recording the main PKE used in other regulatory and technical documents.

Reproduction is prohibited © Standards Publishing House, 1988

Note. The voltage change ranges normalized by this standard include single voltage changes of any form with a repetition rate of more than two times per minute (1/60 Hz) and swings with a repetition frequency from two times per minute to one per hour, with an average voltage change rate of more than 0.1%/s for incandescent lamps and 0.2%/s for other electrical consumers.

1.3. The dose of voltage fluctuations (f) in percent squared is calculated using the formula

where gf is the coefficient for reducing the actual ranges of voltage changes to equivalent ones, determined in accordance with table. 2;

@ - averaging time interval equal to 10 minutes;

S(f,t)-frequency spectrum of the voltage change process at time t.

For periodic or close to periodic voltage changes, it is possible to calculate the dose of voltage fluctuations (φ) using the formula

Г VgfhUj* dt, (6)

0 f±0

where 6Uf are the effective values ​​of the components of the Fourier series expansion of voltage changes with a swing of 6U t, in accordance with clause 1.2 of Appendix 2).

Table 3

Frequency of voltage changes, Coefficient Frequency of voltage changes, Coefficient

1.4. The coefficient of non-sinusoidality of the voltage curve (Kaeu) in percentage is calculated using the formula

*HCt/=100 V 21 ^(2 R)/^nom, (7)

where U(n) is the effective value of the lth harmonic component of voltage, V, kV;

n-order of the harmonic component of voltage;

N is the order of the last of the harmonic voltage components taken into account.

1) do not take into account harmonic components of the order of n>40 and (or) whose values ​​are less than 0.3%;

2) calculate this PKE using the formula

* Н с.с/=1°0 У £ ’Uf a) IU ( (8)

g P=2

where (7(1) is the effective value of the fundamental frequency voltage V, kV.

Note. The relative error in determining Kasi using formula (8) compared to formula (7) is numerically equal to the voltage deviation 1/(1) FROM Unom.

1.5. The coefficient of the lth harmonic component of the voltage Kii) in* percent is calculated using the formula

where U(n) is the effective value of the nth harmonic component of voltage V, kV.

It is allowed to calculate this PKE using the formula

/C i(i g=100

where U(i) is the effective value of the fundamental frequency voltage V, kV.

Note. The relative error of determination using formula (10) compared to formula (9) is numerically equal to the voltage deviation

0(\) FROM Unom*

1.6. The negative sequence voltage coefficient (K 2 u) in percent is calculated using the formula

^2(1)/^nom" 00

where U 2 (d is the effective value of the negative sequence voltage of the fundamental frequency of the three-phase voltage system, V, kV;

Ubovl - rated value of phase-to-phase voltage, V, kV.

The effective value of the negative sequence voltage of the fundamental frequency (£/ 2 p>) is calculated by the formula

SVP) ^AC(1)

where C/vap), Vvsp ^assh are the effective values ​​of phase-to-phase voltages of the fundamental frequency. V, kV.

When determining this PQ it is allowed:

1) calculate U2(о using the approximate formula

^2(1)”®"® [^NB (1)1* O 3)

where £/ nb w, Un mp) are the largest and smallest effective values ​​of the three phase-to-phase voltages of the fundamental frequency, V, kV.

Note. The relative error in determining Kj using formula (13) instead of formula (12) does not exceed ±8%;

2) use when calculating U20) instead of the effective values ​​of phase-to-phase voltages of the fundamental frequency, the effective values ​​of phase-to-phase voltages determined taking into account all harmonic components, if the non-sinusoidal coefficient of the voltage curve (in accordance with the requirements of clause 1.4 of Appendix 2) does not exceed 5%;

Kgs;-SO ^2(1)/^1(1) O 4)

where Uko is the effective value of the positive sequence voltage of the fundamental frequency. V, kV.

Note. The relative error in determining Kiu using formula (14) compared to formula (11) is numerically equal to the deviation of voltage Uni) from and in ohms.

1.7. The zero sequence voltage coefficient Ko and a three-phase four-wire system in percent is calculated using the formula

K oi =100 and Shch1) /and a0M "f, (15)

where £/o(n-rms value of the zero sequence of the fundamental frequency V, kV;

Ud, ohm-f - rated value of phase voltage V, kV.

where Uyour, ^sv(1), ^Asp) are the effective values ​​of phase-to-phase voltages of the fundamental frequency, V, kV;

C/a(i>, C/b(i>) are the effective values ​​of phase voltages of the fundamental frequency, V, kV.

When determining this PQ it is allowed:

1) calculate (Jon) using an approximate formula

£/0(^=0.62 [^nv.f(1) ^nm.f(1)1* O 7)

where £/ nb. f(1) (^nm.f(1)” greatest and smallest effective values

of three phase voltages of fundamental frequency, V, kV.

and A u^aMUcs-U,)! V 3

Uв np=£VH^c-^i)/ VI «с Шг^с+^ва-)/V 3

If there is a negative sequence voltage in the phase-to-phase voltages, the values ​​of C/NB# f(1) and Tssh.fsh are determined as the largest and smallest values ​​of the given phase voltages (with the negative sequence voltage excluded). The given phase voltages are determined by the formula

Note. The relative error in determining Koi using formula (17) instead of formula (16) does not exceed ±10%;

2) use instead of the effective values ​​of phase-to-phase and phase-to-phase voltages of the fundamental frequency the effective values ​​of voltages determined taking into account all harmonic components, if the coefficient of non-sinusoidality of the voltage curves does not exceed 5%;

3) calculate this PKE using the formula

100 V 3 SG 0 (1)1(/C)), (19)

where L/id) is the effective value of the positive sequence voltage of the fundamental frequency. V, kV.

Note. The relative error in determining Koi using formula (19) compared to formula (15) is numerically equal to the value of the deviation of voltage £/cp from U nom.

1.8. Frequency deviation (Δf) in hertz is calculated using the formula

A /==/-/nom"

where / is the frequency value, Hz;

/nom - nominal frequency value, Hz.

1.9. The duration of the voltage dip (A/p) in seconds (Fig. 3) is calculated using the formula

where /n, /k are the initial and final moments of the voltage dip, s.

1.10. Pulse voltage in relative units (fit/*imi) in accordance with the drawing. 4 is calculated by the formula

a£L»imp = Dimp ~. (22)

where Uimp is the value of the pulse voltage. V, kV.

2. Additional PKE

2.1. The amplitude modulation coefficient (/(mod) in percent in accordance with Fig. 5 is calculated using the formula

^НБ.а~^НМ.а

where Unv.a, t/nm.a are the largest and smallest amplitudes of the modulated voltage. V, kV.

With periodic voltage modulation, the relationship between the peak-to-peak voltage change (fit/*) and the amplitude modulation coefficient is determined by the formula

bU t =2 /(mod- (24)

2.2. The unbalance coefficient of phase-to-phase voltages (/(sky) in percent is calculated using the formula

where U H b* U nm is the largest and smallest effective value of the three phase-to-phase voltages. V, kV.

When the voltage non-sinusoidal coefficient Kis and (determined in accordance with the requirements of clause 1.4 of Appendix 2), not exceeding 5%, the ratio between the negative sequence coefficient (Ki) and the unbalance coefficient of phase-to-phase voltages K k e b, is determined by the approximate formula

K 2i = 0.62 / C„ eb. (26)

Note: The relative error in calculating Kiu using formula (26) does not exceed ±8%.

2.3. The phase voltage unbalance coefficient (Kneb.f) as a percentage is calculated using the formula

^НВ, f~~^НМ. f ^nom. f

where Unm.f are the largest and smallest effective values ​​from

three phase voltages. V, kV;

^nom.ph - rated value of phase voltage. V, kV.

When the voltage non-sinusoidal coefficient Kis and (determined in accordance with the requirements of clause 1.4 of Appendix 2) does not exceed the 5% ratio between the zero-sequence voltage coefficient (/(oo) and the phase voltage unbalance coefficient /Snev.F, determined by approximate formula

Koir=0.62 K iev. f. (28)

Note. The relative error of calculating Koi according to formula (28) does not exceed ±8%.

3. Auxiliary parameters of electrical energy

3.1. The frequency of voltage changes (F), s -1, min-1, h~ 1, is calculated using the formula

where /u is the number of voltage changes during time T;

T - measurement time interval, s, min, h.

3.2. Time interval between voltage changes (At it t+1) in accordance with fig. 2, s, min, h, calculated by the formula

where t i+ 1, fi are the initial moments of successive voltage changes, s, min, h, in accordance with the diagram. 2.

If the time interval between the end of one change and the beginning of the next, occurring in the same direction, is less than 30 ms, then these changes are considered as one in accordance with the line. 2.

3.3. The depth of the voltage dip (bU a) in percent in accordance with the drawing. 3 is calculated by the formula

6th g p== .Unou7-Utt, 100| (31)

where Umin is the minimum effective voltage value during a voltage dip. V, kV.

TP (YG p, M p) M

3.4. The intensity of voltage dips (t#) as a percentage is calculated using the formula

where t(bS/n, D*n) is the number of dips of depth 6 £/t and duration for the considered time interval Г;

M is the total number of voltage dips during the considered time interval T.

3.5. The duration of the voltage pulse at the level of 0.5 of its amplitude (D*imp o.b) in microseconds, milliseconds in accordance with the drawing. 5 is calculated by the formula

d ^imp o.5“^ to 1

where t Hi t K are the moments of time corresponding to the intersection of the voltage pulse curve with a horizontal line drawn at half the pulse amplitude, μs, ms.

APPENDIX 9 Mandatory

METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE ACCEPTANCE OF VOLTAGE FLUCTUATIONS FOR LIGHTING INSTALLATIONS

The condition for the admissibility of a set of voltage change ranges, each of which does not exceed the values ​​determined in accordance with the lines. 1, is

where D* d* is the minimum permissible time interval between swings with an amplitude of 6Ut, determined by the lower scale of lines. 1;

T is the total time of observation of the swings.

Example. In 10 minutes, 12 peak-to-peak amplitudes of 4.8% (first group of peaks), 30 peak-to-peak amplitudes of 1.7% (second group), and 100 peak-to-peak amplitudes of 0.9% (third group) were recorded in the network. Determine the admissibility of power supply from this network of fluorescent lamps.

1. Along the curve 3 lines. 1 we determine: for 6С/l ~ 4.8% Dg d1 = 30 s, for 6С/ #2 = “1.7% D*d2 = 1 s, for bShz -0.9% A/dz-0.1 With.

2. By determining by (34) the minimum time for which a given number of swings with the specified amplitude is permissible:

12*30+30-1+100-0.1 =400 s<600 с.

Conclusion. Power supply from this point of the fluorescent lamp network is acceptable.

Permissible voltage ranges

F - frequency of voltage changes; M d - time interval between swings

Voltage fluctuations

6C/^P - range of periodic oscillations (7 ranges of voltage changes during time T p fit/81/^5 - range of non-periodic oscillations

Voltage dip

Periodic amplitude modulation

1.2. The main PCEs include: voltage deviation U, voltage change range bUt, dose of voltage fluctuations f, non-sinusoidal voltage curve coefficient /Cves/, coefficient of the nth harmonic component UiY), negative sequence voltage coefficient /Csi, zero-sequence voltage coefficient Koi, frequency deviation Df, voltage dip duration Dt n, pulse voltage)