Dimensions of wall panels for external walls. How to build a house from concrete panels. Panels are different

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When a person thinks about building his own house, he has to solve two main questions:

Select material for walls, partitions and ceilings;
Decide on the layout and number of floors of the house.

Some materials, for example, brick or cinder blocks, allow you to create a house with any arrangement and even configuration of rooms. Others, such as logs or reinforced concrete products, with their dimensions affect both the size of the rooms and their configuration. In this article we will discuss how to build a house from concrete panels. Let us immediately make a reservation that most often such products are reinforced concrete.

Beautiful house made of concrete panels

The choice in favor of a house made of reinforced concrete is influenced by the presence of a reinforced concrete products plant (RCP) or a house-building plant (DSK) near the construction site, which produces parts for individual construction. You can, of course, use standard designs, but this will impose certain restrictions on the layout of the house.

Panels are different

The base of the foundation must be below the freezing level of the soil. It consists of a sand cushion on which reinforced concrete foundation cushions are laid. Foundation blocks (FBS) are mounted on them in a row, so that the surface of the top row is above ground level. Then the foundation is waterproofed, and floor slabs are installed under the floor of the first floor. After this, the construction of the walls of the house begins.

Organization of work

Even before you start designing a house made of concrete panels, you need to think about who and how will deliver them to the construction site, where they will be stored, and how they will be installed. This is especially important if the site is small and there are already buildings nearby. It is necessary to determine the place where the crane will stand, with which the structures will be installed. In the most cramped conditions, it should be positioned so that the boom reach is enough to install the panel on the opposite side of the building.

Concrete and various products made from it are an integral part of the modern construction industry. There are a huge number of brands and types of reinforced concrete, as well as various types of construction products made from it. Reinforced concrete wall panels are produced for both industrial and civil construction, which will be discussed in this article.

Reinforced concrete panels are elements of wall structures and they are produced in a factory from concrete reinforced with metal reinforcing frames or special meshes, and are characterized by high fire resistance and strength. They are produced from concrete of different grades, and can be both external and external. External reinforced concrete and internal wall panels can be produced with the use of heat-insulating materials - an insulated version, or without, which is most typical for the internal elements of reinforced concrete wall structures.

Standard size

Reinforced concrete panels for wall construction come in a variety of sizes. Designs, technical requirements and standard sizes are defined in GOST 11024–84 for internal and 12504–80 for external, as well as SNiPs, technical specifications, industry and local standards.

The dimensions of the slabs, the size and number of openings, as well as the required thickness of the layers, indicated in the plan and taking into account the floor plan and structural diagrams of the building, are all determined in accordance with the customer’s design documents and are the main parameters when selecting and purchasing them. Knowing this, offers to buy used reinforced concrete wall panels do not evoke much response from buyers.

They are produced both for installation on steel and reinforced concrete frames, and can be used for the construction of both unheated and heated structures. They are produced for residential construction and can have dimensions of 6x1.2 and 12x1.8 meters. Wall panels for industrial buildings are produced in lengths of 6, 9 and 12 m. From lightweight concrete, for walls with separate window openings, special wall slabs are produced with a length of 3 and 1.5 meters, and for doorways, slabs of sizes 1.48 and 2 are made .98 m.

Door and glazed window units can be built into external structures. The climatic conditions of the region where the structure is being built, as well as the thermal characteristics of the materials used, determine the thickness of the reinforced concrete panels for the walls, which can vary from 20 to 50 cm.

Main types

All reinforced concrete panels for walls are, conditionally, classified according to the parameters that determine their types:

1. Functional purpose of structures and buildings:

for the construction of multi-storey buildings;
construction of technical underground and basement floors;
construction of attic spaces.

2. Design solutions used:

composite;
with a solid structure.

3. Number of main layers:

single-layer;
two-layer;
three-layer.

Panels for the construction of walls have a different structure, which is why they receive and transmit the loads placed on them in different ways, which gives reason to divide them into:

mounted;
load-bearing;
self-supporting.

Features of multilayer panels

Reinforced concrete single-layer panels are made from lightweight cellular concrete such as gas and foam concrete, with fillers such as agloporite, perlite, slag, expanded clay. The thickness of the outer protective outer layer ranges from 2 to 4 cm. Their inner surface, in most cases, is covered with decorative finishing cement, which is then used for finishing.

Double-layer panels are made in the form of two ribbed slabs of large-porous expanded clay concrete, on the inside of which insulation materials such as foam keralite, mineral wool slabs, foam glass or foam concrete are fixed. The thermal insulation layer is placed inside the building and covered with a protective layer of cement.

Three-layer panels are reinforced concrete ribbed wall panels with insulation sandwiched between them. The layers made of reinforced concrete are connected to each other by welded reinforcement frames. The thickness of the inner layer of insulation is carried out according to thermal engineering calculations.

How much are?

Despite the high demand, this building material is not very expensive. Today, manufacturers sell reinforced concrete wall panels starting from 3,500 rubles/m2 for the simplest single-layer ones and from 5,000 rubles/m2 for three-layer ones.

Marking

Any reinforced concrete product, including panels produced by the manufacturer and meeting the requirements of GOST, is marked with indelible paint containing all the information about the main characteristics of the product. It consists of three groups of alphanumeric characters and a hyphen separating them.

In the first group, the type of product is determined, in our case PS is a wall panel. The second group indicates the type of concrete, reinforcement class, load-bearing capacity, for example, I - cellular concrete. The third group reveals the special properties of concrete products that correspond to the special conditions of their use, for example, the index “H” indicates the bottom, and “B” indicates the top.

The table shows the currently accepted markings:

Reinforced concrete panels for the construction of walls are in constant demand, which is due to both the high speed of construction of structures and the not very high labor intensity of construction, and the possibility of almost year-round construction. In addition, the performance characteristics of these products, such as high load-bearing capacity, durability and good heat capacity, also contribute to the popularity of this material among builders.

Articles

Three-layer wall panels are used in the construction of multi-storey residential buildings, cottages and industrial facilities.

They are manufactured in a factory from three plates, which are connected to each other by a reinforcement cage.

Heat-saving material is placed in the free space. The release of such panels made it possible to speed up and optimize the construction process.

Let's consider the types of reinforced concrete slabs and their characteristics, advantages and disadvantages, and regulatory requirements for production.

Features of panels

Depending on the design features, reinforced concrete wall panels are divided into types:

№	Kinds	Characteristics
1	Single layer	They are made of concrete with porous aggregates: foam concrete, aerated concrete, ash gravel. Expanded clay, slag, etc. serve as fillers. The outer side is covered with a facing layer 2-4 mm thick to protect the panel from moisture and other atmospheric influences. The inside is plastered.
2	Double layer	They are made from two layers: outer and insulating. An insulation material is fixed to the inside of the slab and covered with cement mortar. Install the structure with the heat-saving side facing inward.
3	Three-layer	They are made in the form of a sandwich of two outer plates and insulation between them. They have increased properties to retain heat and block out street noise.

Depending on their design features, the panels accept and distribute the loads falling on them in different ways.

Depending on resistance to loads, they are divided into:

Type depending on load resistance	Characteristics	Manufacturing materials
Bearers	Receive and distribute loads from their mass, floors, and finishing materials.	Blocks from small to large. Internal panels are made hollow, solid, often ribbed or with ribs located along the contour of the slab.
Self-supporting	They take the loads of their weight and wind influences and transfer them to the frame part of the building.	Large panels.
Mounted	They can withstand wind loads and their own gravity within one floor.	Multilayer lightweight energy efficient materials. Serves as an enclosing structure.

Mineral wool, fiberglass and other fireproof materials are used as insulation.

The outer layer is made depending on the requirements for operational, protective, and decorative properties.

It can be finished with concrete, tiles, natural stone, sprinkled with decorative crushed stone or painted with facade paint.

For the installation of walls and in heated housing construction, multilayer wall panels are used, the design of which includes: external protective and finishing, heat-saving and load-bearing layers.

Requirements for wall panels

Wall panels undergo strict quality control and compliance with requirements

Wall panels used in construction must comply with the requirements of regulatory documents:

strict compliance of sizes and geometric shapes;
high rates of heat saving and noise insulation;
high strength, low specific gravity;
fire resistance;
high-quality reinforcement, all intersections of reinforcement must be fastened together by welding;
quality of connecting connections;
resistance to atmospheric and mechanical influences;
efficiency.

High stability of reinforced concrete wall panels is ensured when they are connected to each other and to the floors. The concrete panels themselves are not stable enough due to their shape: large length, width and small thickness.

Flaws

The disadvantages of reinforced concrete slabs include the fact that due to their large weight and size, it is necessary to use special equipment when transporting and installing the blocks.

How to distinguish high-quality concrete products

Without special equipment, it is impossible to determine the quality of concrete used in the production. But there are several secrets on how to visually try to establish the quality of a wall panel.

The grade of concrete can be determined by color:

If, upon external inspection, defects and thin reinforcement are visible, then most likely the slab is of poor quality

The surface of the slab must be free of cracks, chips, and other defects. The reinforcement should not protrude from the concrete slab.

According to GOST, hinges are made of metal with a thickness of more than 10 mm.

If you see that the hinges are made of thin metal, you can assume that they also saved on internal reinforcement.

If during inspection you find at least one of the described shortcomings, it is better not to buy such wall panels. By saving on material, you will lose in the fact that the building will last much less and will need frequent repairs.

Panel marking

Each wall panel is marked, which allows you to find out its characteristics

Precast concrete products must be marked with letters and numbers separated by a dash.

The first group of symbols indicates the purpose and overall dimensions of the structure. An example of marking PST 700-350-25, where length is 700 cm, width is 350 cm, thickness is 25 cm.

The last part of the marking indicates additional parameters:

resistance to seismic ground vibrations greater than 7 points is designated by the letter C;
possibility of operation at temperatures lower than 40 degrees, letter M;
permeability: normal - N, reduced - P, very low - O.

The marking also indicates the following parameters:

Shape, configuration of the end sides.
Location and dimensions of door and window openings.
Type and location.
The presence and shape of grooves at the junctions of adjacent elements.

For construction, you need to purchase reinforced concrete slabs manufactured in accordance with all standard requirements. In this case, house construction will be reliable and warm. For more information about the installation of three-layer reinforced concrete structures, see this video:

The best option for energy-efficient construction is the use of three-layer reinforced concrete panels.

Houses made from reinforced concrete wall panels are not surprising. Such buildings are erected quickly and are cheaper than brick and wooden ones. Once the facade is finished, they are not inferior to exquisite palaces and fit well into the design of a modern city, forming entire microdistricts. Despite the fact that reinforced concrete products have been known for a thousand years, the peak of popularity occurred in the twentieth century.

Advantages of reinforced concrete wall panels

Concrete wall panels are manufactured in industrial production conditions. They are a concrete structure with a frame made of reinforcement. They can be used in the construction of internal and external walls, be monolithic or with a thermal insulation coating. Two materials are used in their production, and the finished product combines all their best characteristics:

reinforced structure adds strength to concrete, especially when the panel is in tension and bending;
light wall reinforced concrete;
It is not difficult to make a wall panel of any shape;
cheap;
reliable and durable;
reinforced concrete panels for walls are not destroyed by precipitation, sunlight, and are not afraid of temperature changes;
do not burn or melt in case of fire;
resistant to biological and chemical influences.

Classification of reinforced concrete wall panels

When classifying concrete panels for walls, they are guided by the purpose and design of the products. There are several types of classification.

By purpose they are divided into:

for the construction of multi-storey buildings;
used for the manufacture of basements, crawl spaces, attics;
for housing construction;
for the construction of industrial facilities.

By design features:

solid;
composite;
made of several types of concrete.

By the number of layers there are one, two and three layers. Single layer- the lightest, they are made from the same brand of material. To simplify further processing, a special cement coating is applied to the inside of the slab.

Double layer solid ones consist of two layers: a load-bearing inner one made of reinforced concrete M150 and an outer one made of lightweight heat-insulating material grade M35 - M75. Three-layer slabs resemble a sandwich. They consist of two reinforced concrete slabs with an inner layer of insulation made of extruded polystyrene foam. A welded reinforcement frame is used to connect the layers. The design is heavy and expensive, but from a production point of view, the increased costs are justified.

The structure of some brands of three-layer panels

Reinforced concrete panels perceive loads differently and are divided into the following types:

mounted;
load-bearing;
self-supporting.

Name of wall slabs

Reinforced concrete wall panels are divided into several types.

Name	Description	Marking
For above ground floors	Single-layer solid	1NC
	Two-layer solid	2NC
	Three-layer solid	3NC
	Single layer composite	4NS
	Two-layer composite	5NS
	Three-layer composite	6NS
For plinths and technical basements	Single-layer solid	1NC
	Two-layer solid	2NC
	Three-layer solid	3NC
	Two-layer composite	5NC
	Three-layer composite	6NC
For attics	Single-layer solid	1LF
	Two-layer solid	2LF
	Two-layer solid	3LF
	Single layer composite	4LF
	Two-layer composite	5LF
	Three-layer composite	6LF

Dimensions of wall structures

In the construction of residential buildings, standard products are used, the width of the floor height and the length of one or two rooms. External walls can have door and window openings; partition slabs have only door openings. For industrial premises, products are available in lengths of 6, 9 and 12 meters. Depending on the number of layers, wall panels have a thickness ranging from 20–50 cm.

The production of concrete panels occurs in strict accordance with the requirements of GOST 31310-2005, GOST 13015-2003

The dimensions of concrete panels for walls are regulated by GOST. They are considered the main parameter when designing buildings. The dimensions and sizes of openings are specified in the projects.

Concrete grades

The wall material is subject to high demands on strength and density; it must adhere well to the reinforcement and protect against corrosion. Depending on the operating conditions of the walls, the material will additionally require frost and heat resistance, water resistance, resistance to aggressive environments, temperature changes and precipitation.

The following types of concrete are used for the manufacture of reinforced concrete slabs:

for the manufacture of external walls of residential premises, heavy, insulated, lightweight porous or cellular concrete is used;
for the walls of unheated buildings, heavy concrete of class B15 is used;
single-layer ones are made of lightweight concrete from M50, cellular autoclave concrete M25 and above;
For the production of three-layer panels, heavy concrete grades from M150 and light grade M100 and higher are used.

Surface quality

To assess the surface quality of reinforced concrete wall panels, four classes are used: from A3 to A7. They are specified according to the project; in the absence of data, A6 and A7 are accepted. The criteria for assessing quality were straightness tolerances and the magnitude of irregularities. The lower the number, the higher the surface requirements.

Chips, cracks, cavities, grease stains and rust are not allowed on the reinforced concrete surface. Sections of reinforcement should not protrude, unless these are mounting loops or working outlets. To achieve the required quality A3 and A4, the surface is polished and smoothed out defects.

Reinforced concrete products are among the most popular in construction. They allow the construction of high-quality residential buildings and industrial premises at low cost in a short time.

Panel marking

The marking is applied on the rib surface of the product with indelible paint. Includes three groups of letters and numbers; a dash is used to separate them. The following order is defined:

the first number refers to design features, for monolithic structures - from 1 to 3, composite ones are marked with numbers 4–6;
the letters B and H indicate that the reinforced concrete products belong to the internal or external surface, respectively;
At the installation site, the letters C are drawn - walls, H - attic, C - basement;
Dimensions in decimeters are indicated in numbers.

External concrete and reinforced concrete wall panels have found the widest application in the construction of houses, as well as industrial and public facilities. Their appearance more than 50 years ago was a real breakthrough in construction and made it possible to reduce the construction period of buildings several times.

Reinforced concrete panels significantly speed up the pace of building construction.

Types of reinforced concrete panels

The structure of a two-layer panel.

Reinforced concrete is a monolith of steel reinforcement and concrete. The interaction of these materials is very effective. The concrete stone adheres reliably to the metal, protecting it well from rusting. These components complement each other in terms of resistance to different loads.

The resulting structures have significant strength, and only high-tech tools can help in their processing. Recently, diamond drilling of holes in concrete has become in demand.

Note!
The volume of reinforced concrete products is mainly occupied by cheap raw materials - gravel, crushed stone, sand.
Therefore, their price is relatively low.

What types of them exist?

Extra heavy panel.

Based on reinforcement, reinforced concrete products are divided into:

prestressed products;
analogues reinforced using the usual method.

By density (specific gravity) and grade of concrete:

super-heavy concrete panels, their density is from 2.5 t/m³;
heavy analogues, with a density of 1.8/2.5 t/m³;
light, their specific gravity is up to 1.8 t/m³;
ultra-light products, their density is 0.7 t/m³.

According to their structure, reinforced concrete wall panels are divided into:

monolithic;
hollow;
made from one type of solution;
made from different types of mixture.

Precast concrete products may be intended for:

for residential and public buildings;
for production facilities;
for engineering and technical structures.

Production methods

Bench production method.

The production of panels is carried out at factories of reinforced concrete products using different methods.

Bench technology is intended for the production of large-sized products. The solution is poured into stationary molds. Special units: concrete layers and vibrators, take turns approaching the stands and performing technological steps.
The cassette method is a modification of the previous method. The panels are produced in fixed cassettes, which consist of several steel compartments. A frame made of reinforcement is placed in the mold, then it is filled with concrete. Heat treatment is carried out by contact, through the walls of the cassettes.

After heating, the walls of the molds are removed, and the panels are removed by an overhead crane. This method produces flat products: wall structures and analogues for floors.

Flow-aggregate method.

With flow-aggregate technology, molds for products move along a chain from one mechanism to the next. Wet and heat treatment is carried out continuously.
With the vibratory rolling method, the entire production cycle occurs on a single installation of the flow principle of operation (vibratory rolling mill). It is a conveyor consisting of rubber-protected steel.

Its tape moves through the technological posts. They are used for: installation of a frame made of reinforcement, pouring of concrete, its compaction by vibration and heat treatment. The instructions recommend using this method to produce partition and floor panels, as well as external wall slabs made of lightweight concrete.

Technical requirements

State standards impose the most stringent requirements for wall slabs.

Accuracy of standard dimensions, as well as geometric shape.
Optimal design of connections and assemblies.
The exact location of the mortgages.
Compliance of the standard size and weight of concrete products with the capabilities of transport and lifting machines.

Note!
A house made of reinforced concrete panels must be constructed from products whose dimensions are within the limits of deviations and tolerances.
They are determined by GOST No. 130/15.4/84.

The dimensions of the mortgages in them must correspond to standard values, the error should not exceed 0.5 cm.
The permissible axial displacement of the mortgages is no more than 1 cm.
These elements should be located flush with the plane of the panels or above it - no more than 0.3 cm.

More about wall slabs

Large wall slabs were developed to speed up the pace of construction. For example, a cottage made of reinforced concrete panels can be built in just 2 weeks.

Advantages of reinforced concrete products

The popularity of reinforced concrete panels in mass construction, in addition to the high pace of work, can be explained by their other advantages:

high strength;
good load-bearing capacity;
acceptable level of thermal insulation;
100% fire resistant;
resistance to temperature changes;
durability of use.

Types of panel construction

Frameless type of panel construction.

Panel construction can be framed or frameless.

This depends on what kind of wall slabs are used: enclosing and load-bearing or only enclosing.

In frameless buildings, the load of the floors is carried by the wall panels themselves.
In frame analogues, the load-bearing functions are performed by the frames. Wall slabs are used for zoning, fencing, sound and heat insulation.

Factories produce panels for both external and internal walls.

External slabs are divided into three categories according to their structure: single-layer, made from cellular or lightweight concrete and consisting of two or three layers. The latter are made of heavy types of concrete and thermal insulation.
The outside of the structure is covered with facade ceramic tiles, decorative mortar, weather-resistant paints, etc. The inside of the slabs is trimmed and prepared for finishing.
The height of the reinforced concrete wall panels is equal to the height of one floor. Their width extends to 1/2 of the room (300/720 cm), thickness can be 20/50 cm. The dimensions of reinforced concrete wall panels for partitions correspond to the dimensions of the rooms. Their thickness is 3/16 cm.

Classification of wall slabs

There are different divisions of panels into categories, based on the underlying principle: typical features, purpose, structure, material composition.

Slab design

Produced panels are divided into monolithic and composite analogues.

In turn, layered products can be solid or have layers of air.

Single-layer analogues are made from homogeneous concrete, which has low thermal conductivity. The thickness of their outer part is 2/4 cm. The inside of the slab is decorated with cladding.
Two-layer slabs have a continuous structure. Their supporting layer is made of reinforced concrete mortar. This is the inner part of the panel, which additionally plays the role of a vapor barrier. The outer heat-protective layer is covered with cement-sand mortar.
Reinforced concrete three-layer panels are made of two slabs connected to each other by a welded frame made of reinforcement. Insulation is laid between them.

According to their load-bearing capacity, wall slabs are divided into:

self-supporting products;
load-bearing analogues.
hanging panels.

Partition panels

Partition slabs.

These large-sized slabs have a floor height and a length of up to 600 cm. They are intended for the construction of fully prefabricated buildings.

Note!
For the production of partition panels, high-strength ordinary or gypsum concrete should be used.
The material must have good water resistance and frost resistance.

Such plates are reinforced with iron wire mesh or rods made of thermally and mechanically resistant steel, class A/III, AT/IIIC. All steel parts of the product must be coated with anti-corrosion primer.

Single layer boards

Single layer plate.

For the production of single-layer wall panels, concrete is used, which has a uniform structure and a high level of thermal insulation. Most often it is a light (cellular) material.
The outer side of the slabs is covered with a layer of cladding, 2/4 cm thick, to protect them from atmospheric influences.
Various plaster, tiles, etc. are used to decorate the interior.

Double-layer panels

The two-layer type of slabs, as a rule, has a solid structure. The first load-bearing layer is made of dense reinforced concrete. The other layer is heat insulating.
It is located on the outside and covered with cement-sand mortar.
The load-bearing layer is located indoors and at the same time serves as a vapor barrier.

Three-layer type of products

The photo shows the structure of some brands of three-layer panels.

Reinforced concrete three-layer wall panels are most in demand now.

The basis of the three-layer slab is the outer load-bearing side, and the inner panel is attached to it with reinforcement. Thanks to the gap between them, heat losses in the structure are reduced.
The thermal insulator in such products can be mineral wool, cement-based fiberboard, foam silicate, or polyurethane.
Three-layer slabs have standard sizes and vary in thickness. It is selected by designers based on the climate conditions of the area and the thermal parameters of the building.
This type of panels is made from a light but durable concrete mixture or heavy types of concrete with a class of at least B-12.5.
Products are reinforced with welded mesh or three-dimensional steel frames. All metal parts of the plates are protected with anti-corrosion primers.
The characteristics of three-layer panels for walls are determined by the standards of State Standard No. 31310/2005 and State Standard No. 13015/2003.
If it is necessary to process the slabs during their installation, reinforced concrete is cut with diamond wheels.

Product sizes

Part of a building design that describes the properties of the required panels.

The main criterion for choosing wall slabs with your own hands is their size. They must be indicated in the building design, taking into account its structural diagrams and floor plans.
Dimensions and thickness, size and number of openings, technical characteristics of panels are determined based on the project.
Typical dimensions of slabs for residential buildings: height equal to one floor, width equal to one or two rooms. External panels have door and window openings. Partition slabs are solid or have doorways.
Panels for industrial facilities have a length of 6 meters, 9 and 12.

Note!
The thickness of wall slabs should be selected based on the climate conditions in your region.
The thermal properties of the building materials used are also of great importance.
Manufacturers produce products with a thickness of 20/50 centimeters

Product labeling

This is how products are labeled.

Panels are marked with letters and numbers separated by a dash.

The first group indicates the type of slab and its dimensions: length, height (in decimeters), thickness (in centimeters).
The following fragment determines the class and type of concrete: L - light, T - heavy, I - cellular.
The third part reports on additional product qualities.

For example:

seismic resistance more than 7 points - C;
frost resistance below -40 degrees - M;
permeability: especially low - O, reduced - P, normal - N.

Characteristics of some types of wall panels.

This brand group includes indications of the design properties of products:

their shape;
end configuration;
type and location of openings, if any;
the shape of the grooves (if they are present) at the junctions of adjacent elements;
type and location of releases of reinforcement and embeds;
the presence of a reinforcing structure to reduce loads due to uneven deformations of the foundation.

Let's give an example of marking: PST 598-300-20.

PST – three-layer wall panel;

598 cm – its length;

300 cm – its height;

20 cm is its width.

Conclusion

Reinforced concrete panels for fences, walls and ceilings are an integral part of modern mass construction. The use of new technologies, materials and design solutions in their manufacture makes it possible to optimize the construction of buildings.

If you watch the video in this article, you will get a lot more useful information.